c2. 
BULLETINS AND CIRCULARS 



ON 

/6V 



CHARCOAL, LUMBER, AND^ 
SAWMILLS 



(Excerpt from Philippine G)mmission Report for 1906, Vol. 3, pp 609-711, 779-788.J 



BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS 

WAR DEPARTMENT 






WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1907 






0£C 30 laoa 






CONTENTS. 

Charcoal, lumber, and sawmills: Page. 

Forestry Bulletin No. 2: Charcoal industry in the Philippine Islands — 
Native methods, Japanese methods, and comparison — Waste in makings 
Prices — Species used 611 

Forestry Bulletin No. 4: Mechanical tests, properties and uses of 30 Phil- 
ippine woods — Philippine sawmills, lumber market, and prices 615 

Forestry Bulletin No. 5: Preliminary working plan for the public forest 
tract of the Insular Lumber Company, Negros Occidental, P. 1 651 

Foresty Bulletin No. 6: Preliminary working plan for the public forest 
tract of the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company, Bongabon, Min- 
doro, P. I 679 

Circular No. 1: Opportunities for lumbering in the Philippine Islands 709 

Public Lands: 

Circular containing the laws and instructions concerning the leasing of 
public lands, issued November 7, 1904 781 

Circular containing the laws relating to homesteads and instructions there- 
under, issued November 7, 1904 785 

33581—07 1 I 



BULLETINS 



CHARCOAL INDUSTRY, LUMBER AND SAWMILLS 



IJ{ THE 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



609 







9%. 






\^^^ 



BUREAU OF FORESTRY. 

(Bulletin No. 2.) 

THE CHARCOAL INDUSTRY IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS— NATIVE METHODS, 
JAPANESE METHODS, AND COMPARISON— WASTE IN MAKING— PRICES 
SPECIES USED.a 

By William M. Maule. 

letter of transmittal. 

Department of the Interior, 

Bureau of Forestry, 

Manila, March 23, 1906. 
Sir: I have the honor to inclose herewith an article by Forester William M. Maule 
on -"The Charcoal Industry in the Philippine Islands," together with a Spanish 
translation of same, and respectfully recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 2. 
Very respectfully, 

George P. Ahern, Director of Forestry. 

The Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. I. 



The charcoal industry in the Philippine Islands, while not one of the most important 
of commercial enterprises, is yet kept alive by certain market demands which can not 
be filled from other sources. 

The call for charcoal in Manila, which is the leading market, is somewhat limited, 
but steady. Larger consumers are usually supplied by contract, while smaller users 
buy from the open market. Aside from the considerable amount used in the prov- 
inces for laundry purposes and for smelting ores, which, in the aggregate, probably 
falls but little below that used in Manila, the more varied uses in the latter place are 
for laundries, tailor shops, hatters, restaurants, bakeries, and metal workers. 

The following table shows the amount of charcoal shipped to Manila by provinces 
during the fiscal year 1904-5: 



Zambales . . . 
Pampanga.. 

Bataan 

Pangasinan. 

Mindoro 

Laguna 

Batangas . . . 



From 
public 
lands. 



Cm. met. 
2,591 
608 
544 
182 
29 
19 



From 
private 
lands. 



Cm. met. 
""i'a70 



Tarlac 

Bulacan 

Tayabas 

Sum total 



From 
public 
lands. 



Cm. met. 
8 
2 
1 



3,984 



From 
private 
lands. 



Cm. met. 



1.182 



a The following illustrations accompany this report and are on file in the War 
Department: 

Types of Philippine kilns: 

Fig. 1. Native kiln (general use). 

Fig. 2. Type of kiln, Masinloc, Zambales, P. I. 

Fig. 3. Kilns in various stages: (1) Burning; (2) complete before burning; (3) 
nearing completion (not capped). 

Fig. 4. Oven complete (clay dome and two vents). 

Fig. 5. Medial transverse section of oven. Door on left and chimney on right. 
Flame starts upward from door, along top, and down to chimney. 

Fig. 6. Floor plan of kiln. By being pear shaped it has better draft than if 
circular. 

611 



612 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 2. 

NATIVE METHODS OF MAKING CHARCOAL. 

The native methods of charcoal burning as pursued in Zambales and Pangasinan 
provinces may be taken as typical : 

The wood which is to be used, having been cut into 1-meter lengths, is piled on end 
about a central guide post or pole having the required height of the kiln, or about four 
wood lengths. Each tier decreases in diameter, and they finally converge to form a 
cone-shaped pile. (Figs. 1 and 3.) 

There are no uniform dimensions in the kilns, but an average one will have a basal 
diameter of 2 meters by 3 in height. 

In order to provide draft in burning, a small radial vent leads along the ground to 
the central axis, then upward to the apex of the cone. At the time of building, the 
lower portion of this chimney is filled with combustible materials — leaves or small 
dry branches. 

At Masinloc certain burners employ another method of piling, whereby the wood is 
arranged in a horizontal radiating manner of from 2 to 3 concentric circles. Kilns of 
this type are but slightly conical and are rarely more than 1 meter high. The same 
system of draft is given as that of the former mehod. In either case, in order to com- 
plete the kiln, the surface is capped by a layer of clay or loam and during burning is 
constantly moistened. 

In starting the burning, a fire is placed at the lower vent and, in order to distribute 
it properly, small openings are made on the surface of the cone. During the course 
of burning the fire works from below toward the openings above, and as carbonization 
of parts is complete, new drafts are made and old ones closed. Sufficient information 
is not at hand to show the comparative merits of the above methods, but as the former 
is more frequently used, it is no doubt preferable. One week is usually required to 
burn a kiln whose construction and burning require the services of three men for one 
week. 



From a kiln whose volume is 12 cubic meters (which is an average size) the yield 
in charcoal never exceeds 9 cubic meters, the waste being divided between 1 cubic 
meter of partially carbonized wood and 2 cubic meters of ash. On an average but 7 
cubic meters of charcoal are secured, and at times only 5. 

The improperly carbonized wood is usually replaced in the following burning, 
thereby diminishing the waste. 

Rarely is the oven protected by a roof, and in case of heavy rain the cap is washed 
off and the fire quenched. 

From the upper Zambales coast charcoal is usually shipped by means of paraos, the 
owners of which buy either direct from the burners or secure a license and employ 
men under their supervision. * 

In the provinces, charcoal is usually bought and sold by the "batulan" (Tag.), 
which is 1 cubic yard (Spanish) or 0.584 m/3. In general, the price paid per batuldn 
in the provinces is from 2 to 3 pesetas (40 to 60 centavos, Philippine currency). 

The foregoing methods are used in producing charcoal on a commercial scale. By a 
third method, which is applied only to making small quantities for household use, 
the wood is embedded in rice hulls or chaff and the mass fired. This method requires 
about two days to bum, after which the fire is extinguished by water — a method 
observed to be in general use in Pampanga. 

JAPANESE METHOD. 

STRUCTURE OF KILNS. 

In the vicinity of Subic, Zambales, and Moron, Bataan, several Japanese licensees 
have begun the manufacture of charcoal according to methods employed in Japan, 
and as such methods seem superior in many ways to those in general use, their intro- 
duction should meet with favor. Permanent kilns are constructed on a well-drained 
hillside, half the kilns being excavated from the bank, while the front, containing a 
door for filling, is built up from stone and clay. 

Having constructed the kiln, which, on an average, is slightly more than 1 meter 
deep and having a capacity of about 5 cubic meters, a chimney, with diameter of 3 
inches, is placed at the rear, having its inner opening at the bottom of the kiln. By 
filling the unfinished kiln with wood and rounding off the top a model is formed for 
the dome, which consists of a 6-inch layer of clay. In burning this first kiln, the clay 
is baked and, if of good quality and protected by roof, will last several years. Three 
small holes are made in the dome, which furnish draft. 



THE CHARCOAL INDUSTRY. 613 

In order to insure complete and even burning, the ground plan of the kiln is made 
pear shaped, with the neck portion near the door. Such shape insures a better draft 
than where the plan is round. 

FILLING THE KILN. 

In securing wood for burning, but little care is taken in selecting species, there being 
but few that are not suitable. Pieces are cut into lengths of height of kiln and range 
from very small to 10 inches in diameter, above which size they are split. The larger 
pieces are placed toward the center of the oven, and all are builded in as compactly as 
possible by a man within. Having thus filled the kiln to the door, a small pile of dry 
wood is placed in front, from which the interior is fired. 



After burning some four hours, with all drafts open, or until about 4 inches of red 
coals appear over the top of the corded wood within, the door is closed or builded 
shut, with the exception of a small vent below, by means of cross logs cemented with 
clay. 

The fire, beginning at the top, works downward, as shown in Fig. 5. In from three to 
four hours more, the fire being well distributed, the three small vents of the dome are 
closed by clay, leaving open only the small aperture at the bottom of the door and the 
chimney, by which further burning is regulated. The kiln requires frequent attention 
to see that the fire is not too strong or too weak. 

Three days are required to carbonize the wood, after which all vents are closed, in 
order to smother out the fire, which requires an additional three days, so that, on an 
average, one week is required to produce one kiln of charcoal. On an average, three 
kilns are kept burning constantly, and require a crew of from 6 to 8 men and 1 foreman. 



The charcoal comes from the kiln in excellent condition ; rarely is there found any 
waste caused by under or over burning, and so perfect is the carbonization that the 
bark is not consumed. A kiln whose volume is 5 cubic meters will average 24 sacks 
of charcoal. 

VOLUME OF KILN. 

Five cubic meters contain 5.4 cubic meters of loosely piled wood and yield 4.30 
cubic meters of charcoal, the approximate loss being 1 cubic meter. The foreman 
stated that a safe average of loss in burning would be two-fifths. 

In summing up the advantages of Japanese methods over those employed by the 
tiatives, we find the following: 

Kilns can be used repeatedly, with but little repair. 

The burning is more easily regulated and results in less waste. 

The product is not damaged by water, which is frequently used by natives in quench- 
ing the fire. 

The charcoal comes out clearer than where the oven must be destroyed in removing 
it, and brings better prices. 

In places where Japanese have been operating the natives have adopted their 
methods, working at first under a Japanese foreman, or employing him, and, seeing 
the advantage gained, they will no doubt adopt it generally. 

Profits, Japanese method. 

Charcoal gang, one month: 

8 laborers, at P0.60 per diem n44. 00 

1 foreman, at P2 per diem 60. 00 

Freight on 350 sacks of charcoal to Manila (average monthly produc- 
tion), at P0.30 per sack, by steamer 105. 00 

Loading on steamer, at P0.05 per sack 17. 50 

Discharging steamer, at P0.05 per sack 17. 50 

Government charge, at 10 per cent market price (at kiln) 28. 00 

Combined expenses of making and shipping 372. 00 

Contract price in Manila, at ^3 per sack 1, 050. 00 

Profit of one month 678. 00 

No account has been made of initial cost of sacks, which average PC. 15 each, and 
are used a number of times. 

Heretofore the source of timber used in charcoal making has been taken from the 
mangrove swamps. In many places near Manila the best of these mangrove species 



614 FOKESTRY BULLETIN NO. 2. 

are becoming rare or are of too small size to use in burning. In such cases species of 
the semiopen forests, or "parang," are selected, and in certain parts of Pampanga 
charcoal is made from cauayan (Bambusa), which has been planted for fuel purposes. 
The following list includes species largely cut for charcoal: 



MANGROVE. 

Bacauan (Brugiera). 

Tangal (Rhizophora) . 

Pagatpat {Sonneratia pagatpat). 

Culasi {Lumnitzera) . 

Tibigi (Xylocarpus). 

Dungon-late {Heritiera littoralis). 



SEMIOPEN, OR "parang." 

Agoho {Casuarina equisetifolia) . 
Binayuyo. 

Guayabas(Psirfmm guayava)ii\tToduced sp. 
Madrecacao {Gliriddia masculata) intro- 
duced sp. 



MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS FOR CHARCOAL BURNERS. 

The manufacture of charcoal from trees cut indiscriminately from the high forest 
is usually undesirable from a sylvicultural point of view, as clear cutting is generally 
practiced. In places where mangrove species have been exhausted, or where such 
do not exist, and where it is necessary that forest species be used, a simple plan of 
management can be devised whereby an "improvement cutting^" can be made. 

The forests in provinces adjacent to Manila are composed largely of third-group 
species, many of which are important from a timber standpoint, and can be lumbered 
profitably, owing to cheap rates of transportation. It is ol)vious that the reproduc- 
tion of such species should be favored, with the view of timber producers. 

Growing in association with these species are numerous second-story or even taller 
trees, which are generally of a hard character, but never attain merchantable size. 
Such trees will not only be valuable for charcoal purposes, but their remoyal from the 
forest will promote the growth of younger stages of the merchantable species. 

In carrying out such plans, a list of prohibited species should be furnished the 
licensee as pertinent to his cutting locality. Owing to the frequence of the above- 
mentioned species, it is believed that the adoption of this plan will not cause undue 
hardship to operators. 

In order to show the importance of a safe and continuous supply of fuel, it may 
be of interest to state that the demand for fuel in certain of the Federated Malay States 
has assumed such proportions that a plan of management has been adopted for man- 
grove swamps. 



BUREAU OF FORESTRY. 

[Bulletin No. 4.] 

I. MECHANICAL TESTS, PROPERTIES, AND USES OF THIRTY PHILIPPINE WOODS— 
11. PHILIPPINE SAWMILLS, LUMBER MARKET, AND PRICES. 

By RoLLAND Gardner, Manager of the timber-testing laboratory. 

letter of transmittal. 

Department op the Interior, 
Bureau of Forestry, Office of the Director, 

Manila, September 7, 1906. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled "I. Mechanical 
Tests, Properties, and Uses of Thirty Philippine Woods; II. Philippine Sawmills, 
Lumber Market, and Prices," by RoUand Gardner, manager of the timber-testing 
laboratory, bureau of forestry, and to reconunend its publication as Bulletin No. 4 of 
the bureau of forestry. 

Very respectfully, George P. Ahern, 



The Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. I. 



Director of Forestry. 



INTRODUCTION.O 

(By H. N. Whitfokd, forester, chief of division of forest products.) 

This bulletin has been prepared in response to numerous inquiries concerning Philip- 
pine woods and milling operations in the Philippines. The results of the timber testa 
published represent the present knowledge of the subject and are not to be considered 
final, for such results can be obtained only from a large number of tests of properly 
identified botanical material from many localities and habitats. With two exceptions 
the woods tested have been representative of the commercial material found on the 
market, and are fair samples of those used by contractors and others. Indeed, in many 
instances they represent more approximately an average of the actual material used in 
construction than woods collected with botanical specimens might do. Nevertheless, 
the value of mechanical tests on properly determined material obtained from districts 
where logged is not underestimated, and such tests will be made as rapidly as possible. 

Since the microscopic characteristics of Philippine woods have not been studied 
it is not always possible to check market material with properly identified museum 
specimens. It is probable that structural differences can not be detected between 
closely related species, so that with good microscopic sections it will not always be pos- 
sible to identify closely related woods. In such cases botanical specimens alone will 
be the final test. 

It seems almost superfluous to caution against the blind acceptance of the names of 
trees and woods given by native woodsmen. This error becomes even more grievous 
when, without any botanical knowledge or specimens, scientific names are attached 
as equivalents. It is true that many of the natives are keen in distinguishing trees, 
and can often point out with great skill the differences. While their help is essential 
to one who would have first-hand knowledge of timber trees in the forest, yet such 
information should be constantly verified with botanical material and wood speci- 
mens. By such methods the bureau is adding to itsiist of properly determined wood 
specimens. 

oThe illustrations mentioned have been omitted from this I'eport and are on file in 
the War Department. 

615 



616 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 

Part I. 

MECHANICAL TESTS, PROPERTIES, AND USES OF THIRTY PHILIPPINE 

WOODS. 

POPULAR DISCUSSION OF THE QUALITIES OF WOODS AND MEANING OF TIMBER TESTS. 

Every wood worker knows more or less of the properties of the various kinds of 
woods which come under his observation, but this knowledge is usually gained by long 
experience. He may know that certain woods are strong or stiff, but he seldom learns 
from his own experience how strong or stiff they are. For this reason the design of 
structures is often largely a matter of guesswork, the designer or builder not having 
experimental data regarding the strength, stiffness, and other properties of timber. 
In the timber-testing laboratory these various properties and characteristics are studied, 
and the results are collected in such form that others may use them to determine the 
fitness of woods for certain purposes. 

Timber, as a material of construction, is required to resist various stresses. A 
short, thick column must resist simple compression along the grain. A railroad tie 
must resist compression across the grain where the rail rests upon it, and also shearing 
across the grain by the edges of the rail. Simple tension and shearing along the grain 
are not common in practice, although these stresses frequently occur in combination 
with other stresses, as in cross bending. It is possible to subject timber to any one of 
the above-mentioned stresses, but it is much more common in practice that timber 
must withstand a number of these stresses at the same time. 

Timber also possesses such properties as stiffness, hardness, toughness, flexibility, 
etc., which are all important in determining the fitness of any wood for certain pur- 
poses. Strength and stiffness are measured in pounds per square inch, but no satis- 
factory units have yet been proposed by which such properties as hardness and tough- 
ness may be measured. 

The beam is one of the most common members in general construction and the 
stresses involved are most complex. Suppose we have a beam 4 by 4 inches in section, 
5 feet long, and supported at each end. At the middle of this beam a load of 500 pounds 
is applied and the beam bends one-sixteenth of an inch at the middle; another 500 
pounds bends it one-sixteenth of an inch more, and so on until a point is reached where 
an added 500 pounds produces an additional deflection of more than one-sixteenth of 
an inch. Here the true elastic limit is reached, or, to state this a little more accurately, 
the true elastic limit is reached when deflection is no longer proportional to load. 
This is approximately the point where the material begins to be injured, and if a beam 
is loaded beyond this point it will not return to its original condition when the load is 
removed. Even small loads produce some permanent set or bend in beams, but the 
true elastic limit is important as showing approximately the point where injury begins. 
Thus the true elastic limit is located. Now what do the figures mean which are tabu- 
lated under "Fiber stress at the true elastic limit, pounds per square inch?" Evi- 
dently not the load on the beam when the true elastic limit was reached, for that 
would be applicable only to a beam of the same size, under exactly the same conditions 
as the one tested. To answer this question, it is necessary to examine the stresses 
produced. 

As the beam is bent, its curve is approximately the arc of a circle. The bottom of 
the beam becomes longer and the top shorter, therefore the bottom is in tension and 
the top in compression. Upon the supposition that these stresses are equal, the stress 
at the extreme top and bottom of the beam is computed and is tabulated under ' 'Fiber 
stress at true elastic limit, pounds per square inch." 

Fiber stress at apparent elastic limit ^.nd modulus of rupture, as tabulated, are also 
approximate stresses at the extreme top and bottom of the beam. The apparent 
elastic limit is a point a little higher than the true elastic limit. It is located arbi- 
trarily, as explained under "Methods of testing and results of tests," and has no par- 
ticular significance, although it was used extensively in early timber tests. The true 
elastic limit may be considered as a limit of safety and the modulus of rupture as the 
greatest stress which the wood will stand in cross bending. In practice, the fiber 
stress is always kept much lower than the fiber stress at the true elastic limit. 

No attempt is made to measure brittleness and toughness, but in cross-bending tests 
a brittle wood may be distinguished from a tough wood by the relation existing between 
the true elastic limit and rupture^ for in brittle woods the amount of bending is small 
between the true elastic limit and rupture, while in tough woods it is great. Most 
Philippine woods are brittle, Dungon and Malugay being the only ones which have 
been investigated and found to possess the property of toughness to any considerable 
degree. These two, however, are quite tough, and compare favorably with white oak 



WOOD TESTS — SAWMILLS — PRICES. 617 

for bending by steaming. Woods like Molave, Calantas, Ash, and Pine are brittle, 
while those like Malugay, Dungon, Elm, Hickory, and Oak are tough. 

The modulus of elasticity is the measure of the stiffness of a material. If a beam of 
one kind of wood has a modulus of elasticity of 1,000,000 pounds per square inch and 
a second beam of another kind has a modulus of elasticity of 2,000,000 pounds per 
square inch the second wood is twice as stiff as the first, and if the two beams are of 
exactly the same dimensions the first beam will bend twice as far as the second under 
a given load. For example, Yacal and Guijo are among the stiffest Philippine woods, 
being approximately twice as stiff as woods like Banuyo and Calantas. (See Table I.) 

Now consider two similar beams of the same material, supported at each end and 
loaded in the middle. If beam No. 1 is made twice as long as beam No. 2, other dimen- 
sions being the same, it will bend eight times as far under a given load but will be only 
half as strong. If beam No. 1 is made twice as high as beam No. 2, other dimensions 
remaining the same, it will liend only one-eighth as far under a given load but will be 
four times as strong. If beam No. 1 is made twice as wide as l)eam No. 2, other dimen- 
sions remaining the same, it will bend only one half as far but will be twice as strong. 
If the beams are of the same dimensions throughout and the load on beam No. 1 is 
double that on beam No. 2, beam No. 1 will bend twice as far. 

A strong wood is not necessarily stiff, nor is a stiff wood necessarily strong, although 
in many cases these properties appear to be closely related. By referring to Table 1, 
it is seen that the Betis, from Tayabas, which was tested, was about 60 per cent stronger 
in cross bending than that from Ambos Camarines, although it was not quite as stiff. 
With few exceptions, timber is much stronger when dry than when green. The weight 
of moisture in timber just from the saw is often from 80 to 90 per cent of the weight of 
the wood itself. This amount of moisture may be reduced to 30 to 35 per cent of the 
weight of dry wood, without showing any increase in strength, but when the wood is 
dried beyond this point the strengtTi usually increases quite rapidly, well-seasoned 
timber frequently being from 50 to 70 per cent stronger than green timber. The amount 
of increase in strength is shown for the various woods in Tables I and II. 

As wood dries, the fibers become harder, stiffer, and stronger, but the wood also 
shrinks, which causes checks that tend to weaken the timber. In most woods this 
latter effect is much less than the former and the wood shows a decided increase in 
strength and stiffness, l)ut in hard, brittle woods the checking effect is quite serious; 
for example, the Ipil and Molave which were tested showed a decrease in modulus of 
rupture when seasoned, as is shown by Table I. The tendency to check while season- 
ing may be overcome to a large extent by drying slowly and evenly, but in large timbers 
the outer surface dries months or even years before the interior, so that it is practically 
impossible to prevent cliecking. This is one reason why the strength values for large 
timbers are somewhat smaller than for small timbers. 

Timber is thoroughly seasoned when it contains 10 to 12 per cent moisture through- 
out, and will arrive at that percentage of moisture in time if exposed to air but pro- 
tected from rain and sun. If it is made drier than this by artificial means, it will reab- 
sorb moisture from the atmosphere until it arrives at 10 to 12 per cent moisture. There 
is considerable variation in the moisture content of timber seasoned by artificial means. 
Usually timber whose moisture content is' less than 20 per cent will pass for seasoned 
timber. 

In tropical countries the most desirable quality sought in wood is durability. This 
is true because the destructive elements to timber are greater than in temperate 
regions. Because of continuous heat and moisture, fungus growth is undoubtedly 
more rapid in the tropics. The universal presence of the white ant is perhaps the most 
destructive element that makes the use of durable timber almost imperative for rail- 
road ties and for general construction purposes. Such timbers as are used for ties in 
cold regions would not last nearly as long here as there, but some of the best native 
woods are extremely durable. In teiiiperate zones ten years is considered a long 
life for an untreated tie, but in these islands the extremely durable woods, like Ipil 
and Molave, are known to have been in the ground for more than ten years without 
any sign of decay. The ravages of the sea worm (teredo) restrict the use of untreated 
timber, in contact with salt water, to those species that are especially adapted to resist- 
ing the attacks of this enemy. The softer Philippine woods, like Lauan, and imported 
woods, like Oregon Pine, are quickly destroyed when placed in salt water, while 
Aranga and Betis are highly valued because of their great durability under these 
conditions. 

MATERIAL USED FOR TESTING — DESCRIPTION OF BEAMS. 

MATERIAL USED FOR TESTING. 

It being impracticable at the time these tests were started to secure timber which 
had been botanically determined, this series of tests was made almost entirely upon 



618 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



timber purchased in the market. The Sacat and Balacat, which were obtained at 
the Lamao Forest Reserve, were the only woods which were not secured in the market. 
In buying care was exercised to select timber which well represented the quality 
generally used in construction. Most of the timber tested was clear and sound. 

No standard rules for the inspection of timber are in use in Manila by which the 
quality and condition of the timber tested may be described. Where defective beams 
have been tested, the beams will be described whose moduli of rupture correspond 
to the average, maximum and minimum moduli of rupture as tabulated. All blocks 
used for compression and shear tests were clear and sound. 

DESCRIPTION OF BEAMS. 

The following is a list of the woods used where all the beams tested were clear and 
sound: 



Name. 


Locality. 


Name. 


Locality. * 


Lauan 


Mindanao. 

Zambales. 

Mindanao. 

Ambos Camarines. 

Mindoro. 

Ambos Camarines. 

Near Laguna de Bay. 

Cagayan. 

Locality unknown. 

Lamao Forest Reserve. 


Ipil... 


Palawan. 


Do 






Apitong 


Do 


Mindanao. 


Guijo 




Locality unknown. 
Tayabas. 


Do 


Betis 


Yacal 


Do 


Narra 


Aranga 


Do. 


Do 




Negros Occidental. 
Laguna. 


Tanguile 




Sacat 











The following is a description of the beams used in testing that were more or less 
defective: 



APITONG FROM ZAMBALES. 

[Six beams contained slight defects.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Average 


Clear and sound .... 


Clear and sound. 


Maximum 


do.. 


Do. 


Minimum 


One knot and check 


Do. 









MOLAVE FROM LAGUNA DE BAY. 



Many beams contained knots and checks which are characteristic of Molave. There 
were no defects in the middle of beams which would seriously affect strength. 



MOLAVE FROM AMBOS CAMARINES. 



Many beams contained knots and checks which are characteristic of Molave. There 
were no defects in the middle of beams which would seriously affect strength. 



TANGUILE-FROM ZAMBALES. 



Two beams contained slight defects. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond 
to those tabulated were clear and sound. 



SACAT FROM TARLAC. 

[ Four beams contained slight defects.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 percent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 


Average 


Clear and sound 


Clear and sound. . . . 




Maximum 


do 


do 


Do. 


Minimum 


do 


Heart check full length 


Do. 









WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 



619 



IPIL FROM AMBOS CAMARINES. 

All beams clear and sound but slightly cross-grained. 

IPIL FROM MINDORO. 

[Eight beams contained sligiit defects. 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Average 


Clea r and sound 


Clear and sound. 


.do .. 


Do 






Do. 









DUXGON FROM AMBOS CAMARINES. 

[Four beams slightly defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 


Average . . . 


Clear and sound 


Clear and sound . . 




Maximum-... 


do 


do 


Do. 


Minimum .... 


One knot and check 


.do 


Do 











MALASANTOL (LOCALITY UNKNOWN). 

[Two beams slightly defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 


Average 


Clear and sound .... 


Clear and sound 




Maximum- . . . 


do 


do 


Do 


Minimum 


do 


.do. . 


One-third sap wood. 









SUPA FROM TAYABAS. 

[Five beams slightly defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Average 


Clear and sound 




Maximum 


do 


Do 


Minimum 


do 


Large check in middle. 







BALACAT FROM LAMAO FOREST RESERVE. 



Small knots were quite common. There were three or four J-inch knots in each 
beam. 

BALACAT FROM TARLAC. 

[Ten beams slightly defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 


Average 


Clear and sound 


Clear and sound 




Maximum 


do 


do 


Do 


Minimum 


do 




Do 











620 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



MACAASIN (LOCALITY UNKNOWN). 

[Two beams slightly defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 




Clear and sound 


Clear and sound 






..do 


do 


Do. 




Checked on side 


.do 


Do. 











CALANTAS FROM ALBAY. 



Two beams were slightly defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond 
to those tabulated were clear and sound. 



CALANTAS FROM MINDORO. 

[Five beams were slightly defective.] 



Moisture over 35 per cent. 



Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 



Average . . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum.. 



Clear and sound 

do 

One J-inch knot in middle. 



Clear and sound. 

Do. 
One small knot and bad check. 



TINDALO (locality VNKNOWN) . 

[One beam defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Average 


Clear and sound 


Clear and sound. 




do 


Do. 


Minimum 


Slight check on top 


Do. 









TINDALO FROM AMBOS CAMARINES. 

[Five beams defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 


Average 


Clear and sound 


Clear and sound 


Clear and sound. 


Maximum 


do 


do 


Do. 


Minimum 


Bad check in middle 


Slight check and one knot. . 


Do. 



TINDALO FROM MASBATE. 



Two lieams were defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to 
those tabulated were clear and sound. 



AMUGUIS FROM MINDORO. 



Eight beams were defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to 
those tabulated were clear and sound. 



ACLE FROM TARLAC. 

[Two beams were defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 


Average 


Clear and sound 




Knotty in middle. 
Do. 


do 


do 


Minimum 


do 


do 


Do. 











WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 



621 



ACLE FROM ZAMBALES. 

[Four beams were defective.] 

Moisture over 35 per cent. 

Average Sliglitly checked. 

Maximum Clear and sound. 

Minimum One knot. 

BANSALAGUIN (LOCALITY UNKNOWN.) 

One beam was defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to those 
tabulated were clear and sound. 

PALO MARIA FROM ZAMBALES. 

[Three beams were defective.] 

Moisture over 35 per cent. 

Average Clear and sound. 

Maximum Do. 

Minimum Heart check on side. 

BATITINAN (LOCALITY UNKNOWN.) 

[Thirteen beams were defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 






Three 1-inch knots. 






Two IJ-inch knots. 






Three 1-inch knots. 









BANUYO FROM MASBATE. 

[Five beams were defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 






Clear and sound. 






Do. 




Clear and sound 


Do. 









SASALIT FROM ZAMBALES. 

[Twenty-one beams were defective.] 





Moisture over 35 per cent. 


Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Average 




Clear and sound. 


Clear and sound 


Small checks on two sides. 




do 


Checks on three sides. 









LIUSIN FROM BATAAN. 

[Four beams were defective.] 

Moisture over 35 per cent. 

Average Clear and sound. 

Maximum Do. 

Minimum Cross-grained. 

LUMBATAO FROM BASILAN ISLAND, MORO PROVINCE. 

One beam was defective. All beams whose moduli of rupture correspond to those 
tabulated were clear and sound. 

METHODS OF TESTING AND RESULTS OF TESTS. 

The machine used in making the following tests is a Tinius Olsen testing machine 
with a capacity of 200,000 pounds. 

CROSS-BENDING TESTS. 

All beams used for cross-bending tests (Table I) were either 3^ by 3^ inches or 4 by 4 
inches in section, with a span of 60 inches. The machine was operated at a speed of 
0.3 inch per minute and the deflection was noted at various loads during the tests. The 



622 FORESTRY BULLETUST NO, 4. 

curve was then plotted between deflection in inches and load in pounds, and upon this 
curve were located the true elastic limit, the apparent elastic limit, and the point at 
which failure occurred. 

The fiber stress at the true elastic limit was calculated by the standard formula: 

' ,. . 3WL , 
i iber stress at true elastic limit = „ p tt2 where, • 

W equals load in pounds at true elastic limit, 

L equals span in inches, 

B equals breadth of beam in inches, 

H equals height of beam in inches. 

The term "apparent elastic limit," as used in this bulletin, is defined byJohnsona 
as follows : 

"The apparent elastic limit is the point on the stress diagram of any material in any 
kind of a test at which the rate of deformation is 50 per cent greater than it is at the 
origin." 

The fiber stress at the apparent elastic limit and the modulus of rupture were deter- 
mined by the same formula which was used to determine the fiber stress at the true 
elastic limit, viz: 

, . ,. . 3 W^ L , 
r iber stress at the apparent elastic limit = oji T{2 '^here, 

W^ equals load in pounds at the apparent elastic limit; and 

3 W'^ L 
Modulus of rupture = ^ p ttz where, 

W^^ equals load in pounds at rupture. 

Plate I shows the true elastic limit and the apparent elastic limit as located upon a 
typical stress diagram. 

After the stress diagram was drawn, a tangent was drawn to the curve at the origin 
and the modulus of elasticity was determined by the following well-known formula: 

W L3 
Modulus of elasticity = 4 t) t? tj 3 where, 

W equals the load corresponding to some point on the tangent, 
D equals the deflection in inches corresponding to the same point, 
B equals the breadth of beam in inches, 
H e'quals the height of beam in inches, 
L equals the span in inches. 

After the cross-bending test, the beams were cut up, as shown in fig. 1, Plate II, for 
compression tests, shear tests, and moisture determinations. The parts which are 
marked C^ represent the blocks for tests in compression along the grain, and those 
which are marked S represent the pieces for shear tests. At A, B, and C thin disks 
were cut for moisture determination. 

COMPRESSION ALONG THE GRAIN. 

The blocks for tests in compression along the grain (Table II) were either 3^ by 3 J 
inches or 4 by 4 inches in cross section and 8 inches high. The machine was operated 
at a speed of 0.06 inch per minute and the load was increased until the blocks showed 
signs of failure by wrinkling on the sides. 

o Johnson, J. B.: Materials of construction, p. 19. 



33581—07- 



624 



FORESTKY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



Table I. — Cross-bending 



Name. 



Lauan 

Do 

Apitong 

Do 

Guijo 

Do 

Molave 

Do 

Yacal 

Narra 

Do 

Tangiiile. . . 

Do 

Sacat 

Do 

Ipil 

Do 

Do 

Dungon 

Do 

Do. a. .. 

Malasantol. 



Locality. 



Mindanao. 
Zambales. 
Mindanao. 
Zambales. 



jAmbos Cama- 
1 rines. 

Mindoro 



fNear Laguna 
I de Bay. 

JAmbos Cama- 
\ rines. 

..do 



fNear Laguna 
I de Bay. 



Cagayan. . 
Unknown. 



Zambales. 



Lamao Forest 
Reserve, Ba- 
taan. 



/Ambos Cama- 
1 rines. 



Mindoro. 
Palawan. 



JAmlios Cama- 
\ rines. 



Masbate. . 
Mindanao. 
Unlcnown. 



Average... 

Ma.ximum . 

Minimum . 
(Average... 
•^Maximum. 
[Minimum . 
(Average... 
<Maximum. 
[Minimum . 
(Average... 
•{Maximum. 
(Minimum . 
(.\verage. .. 
-^Maximum. 
[Minimum . 
(Average... 

< Maximum. 
(Minimum . 
(Average. . . 
•jMaximum. 
(Minimum . 
(Average... 

< Maximum. 
[Minimum . 
(Average. . . 
■[Maximum. 
[Minimum . 
(Average. . . 
•^Maximum. 
[Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average. . . 
•^Maximum. 
(Minimum . 
.\verage. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
.\verage.. . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 

f Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(.\verage. . . 
■[Maximum. 
(Minimum . 

Average. . . 

Maximum. 

Minimum . 

Average. . . 

Maximum. 

Minimum . 

Average. . . 

Maximum. 

Minimum.. 

{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average... 
■(Maximum. 
(Minimum . 



Moisture over 35 per cent. 



51.8 
75 
35.5 
63 
86.4 
41.6 
53.9 
81 
36 

55.8 
84.6 
48.8 
43.7 
56 

37.2 
57.8 
89.8 
41 

45.5 
62 
.36.4 
54.4 
72.5 
43.8 
43.3 
54.2 
35.3 
79 
93 
65 
51.8 
81.7 
35.5 
39.9 
45.4 
.%5 
47.7 
80 
38.9 
48.5 
54.4 
45.2 
55. 2 
82.6 
35.3 
52.7 
76.1 
36.1 
63.1 
106 
.35.6 
52.2 
60.1 
46. 6 
42.2 
66 4 
35 2 
36.3 
37 2 
35 5 
49.4 
81.6 
35 5 
66 2 
84 5 
35.4 






0.444 
.485 
.405 
.478 
.529 
.412 
.62 
.715 
.56 
.679 
.721 
.588 
.677 
.735 
.629 
.696 
.806 
.596 
.772 
.858 
.69 
.782 
.825 
.712 
.823 
.900 
.76 
.563 
.59 
.535 
.63 
.77 
.475 
.536 
.565 
.51 
.457 
.54 
.405 
.561 
.585 
.54 
.60 
.057 
.478 
.79 
.872 
.68 
.67 
.77 
.56 
.807 
.867 
.75 
.824 
.895 
.723 
-.827 
.845 
.816 
.668 
.707 
.6.36 
.633 



■t^ OJ3 

CO .-3*"* 

CO d o 

S S '^ 

£■3 P- 



£» ft 






570 

840 

160 

410 

880 

510 

550 

720 

7.30 ! 

790 i 

430 j 

2.30 

660 

200 

180 

780 I 

450 ■ 

570 

380 

600 

360 

040 

950 

460 

160 

600 

750 

300 

100 

500 

960 



a This is not the wood commonly known as Dungon but is often sold under that name. 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 



625 



strength of Philippine timber. 



Moisture 20 to 3.'> per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 




■a 







>» 


» CO 


« m 


a> 


>>*< 






>, 


(B m 


^ M 


D ® 


>%*-* 




•3 








El 
§ . 


CO 

5?o . 


3 S 
+j 3 

g,5- 


•3 ft 








" 3 


B-O 

£§ 


3 ai 




Qj 


1 

o 

B 

3 


S 

u 
a> 
0, 

£ 

1 

■3 




> 
c3 



t 


*j c^■':^ 

lis 

4.3 X 

5^ S ^ 

CJ TO Q^ 


ass- 

sis 

lil 

£ S '^ 

£■3 s. 


■SO. 

'Se.s 


1^ 

«a . 

Oftg 

303 


1 



a 
3 


f 
k, 

ft 

£ 
3 







iber stress at 
elastic limit (pi 
per square inch. 


iber stress at app 
elastic limit (pi 
per square inch). 


2" 

"S» 

3 


m « 

"O _ o* 
^to 


0) 

a 
3 





'% 
ft 


Z 


'^ 


M 


f^ 


Ph 


^ 


a 


•a 


;^ 


Vu 


fH 


f^ 


^ 


s 


e 


tn 




29.8 


0.442 


3,350 


5,300 


7,200 


1,462 


1 1 


10.4 


0.457 


5,730 


8,240 


9,760 


1,653 


1 ( 


0.446 


• 21 


35 


.47 


6,190 


7,740 


8,920 


1,790 


[14 17.5 


.488 


10,550 


12,640 


14,250 


1,840 


73^ 


.488 




20 


.40 


1,550 


3,520 


4,220 


1,050 


1 1 3 


.404 


2,390 


5,480 


7,020 


1,395 


) 1 


.40 

.478 

.529 
















. 












36 




























.412 




26.8 


.699 


6,190 


8,220 


10,230 


2,033 


(1 14 


.706 


7,340 


9,760 


11,620 


2,144 


1 


.645 


• 10 


33.6 


.74 


9,150 9,8.50 


11,640 


2,550 


13-^ 19.8 


.825 


10,550 


12,480 


15,600 


2,425 


75 


.825 




22 


.058 


4,220 


6,320 


8,600 


1,710 


1 9 


.618 


4,920 


6,050 


6,050 


1,900 


J 


.56 




20.8 


.93 


2,950 


4,150 


5,100 


1,000 
















.687 


■ •^1 


20.8 
20.8 


.93 
.93 


2,950 
2,950 


4,150 
4,150 


5,100 


1.000 














31- 


.93 


5,100 l^OOO 














.588 




26.6 


.72 


7,820 


9,940 


12,860 


2,077 


1 13.7 


.759 


10,080 


12,850 15,150 


2,158 


1 


.708 


• 1,5. 


35 


.776 


9,850 


12,380 


14,600 


2,370 


13-^ 18.6 
1 7 


.82 


12,650 


19,700 


21,500 


2,480 


^55{' .82 




20.3 


.673 


4,920 


7,800 


10, 540 


1,660 


.718 


7,730 


8,940 


11,900 


1,740 


J .629 




2.3.3 


.724 


7,740 


9,150 


12,650 


2,110 














.697 


■ 1- 


23.3 
23.3 


.724 
.724 


7,740 
7,740 


9,150 
9,150 


12,650 
12,650 


2,110 
2,110 














50-^; .806 














.596 




31.8 


.S03 


5,010 


9,000 


10, 190 


1,602 


( 10.4 


.824 


8,240 


8,580 


8,580 


1,614 


1 t -785 


■ 11 


35 


.848 


7,030 


10,700 


12,150 


1,950 


• 9-^ 19. 5 


.88 


10,550 


13,600 


13,600 


1,980 


^67| .88 




24.8 


.725 


3,520 


7,740 


9,530 


1,400 


I 3.5 


.79 


4,920 


4,920 


4,920 


1,240 


J 1 .69 

7fi0 




























29J 


.825 
















1 












.712 




29.6 


.846 


8,180 


10,700 


14,090 


2,368 


1 (! 15.6 


.848 


9,650 


12,130 


15,690 


2,583 


1 


.843 


■ 42] 


34.3 


.94 


11,250 


13,600 


17,650 


2,870 


^7-^1 19.8 


.90 


12,230 


17,480 


21,800 


3,000 


^80| .94 


( 


21.5 


.77 


4,220 


5,480 


7,700 


1,680 


1 1 11-4 


.81 


6,680 


9,140 


13, 580 


1,844 


1 .76 
.563 
n\ .59 






















































.535 


\ f 


26.9 


.508 


5,650 


6,570 


7,380 


1,462 


1 f 9-6 
■izl 13.8 

(; 4.6 


.487 


6,440 


7,070 


7,560 


1,510 


1 .54 


\ A 


32.7 


.56 


8,430 


9,850 


11,020 


1,710 


.531 


10,550 


10, 680 


11,730 


1,670 


31v .77 




22.9 


.4.38 


2,110 


3,090 


3,460 


870 


.384 


2,810 


2,810 


2,960 


1,050 1) |i .384 




30.6 


.487 


5,310 


6,960 


9,110 


1,456 


( 13.7 


.422 


6,440 


7,380 


8,360 


1,232 1 11 .469 


12] 


34.6 


.524 


6,740 


7,600 


10,230 


1,685 


•16| 18.7 


.58 


9,150 


11,400 


12,560 


1,610 ^36^ .58 




21.8 


.38 


4,220 


6,190 


7,030 


1,050 


1 1; 5 


.355 


4,500 


4,920 


4,920 


976 1 1 .355 




34.5 


.54 


6,050 


6,330 


7,700 


1,320 


(: 9.7 


.535 


6,430 


7,470 


8,570 


1,594 !i 1 .491 


u 


34.5 


.54 


6,050 


6,330 


7,700 


1,320 


19 


18.4 


.606 


10,550 


11,520 


13,220 


1,950 


\il{ .606 




34.5 


.54 


6,050 


6,330 


7,700 


1,320 


1 1 


1.6 


.478 


2,110 


2,110 


2,300 


1,120 


1 1 


.405 
.561 
.585 




24.2 


.606 


5,9.30 


7,290 


9,050 


1,637 


1 f 


12.8 


.664 


8,350 


9,610 


11,440 


1,886 


1 
1 ( 


.54 
.616 


■ io| 


35 


.677 


7,600 


9,140 


12,470 


1,900 


ml 19.3 


.70 


10, 540 


12,230 


15,600 


2,080 


^68^ 


.70 




20.2 


.485 


2,110 


2,390 


4,220 


1,160 


1 1 4.2 


.622 


4,220 


4.500 


4,920 


1,710 !| 1 


.478 




25.8 


.783 


5,580 


6,640 


7,900 


1,470 


1 f ^8-1 


.816 


6,000 


6,440 


6,980 


1,383 il ( 


.792 


14 1 


34.6 


.83 


7,730 


9,420 


12,600 


1,730 


\h 


19.6 


.99 


7,580 


7,740 


9,040 


1,630 


)iU 


.99 




21 


.685 


3,520 


5,070 


5,620 


1,260 


1 1 


16 


.713 


4,780 


4,780 


4,780 


1,180 


1 


.68 




34.5 


.743 


7,530 


9,520 


13,040 


1,750 


1 
















.673 


■ 2< 


34.5 


.77 


7,740 


9,700 
9,350 


13, 520 


1,840 


I. 














46 


.77 




34.4 


.71/ 


7,320 


12,560 


1,660 


1 
















.56 
.807 
.867 


. 




























41- 






























.75 




26.4 


.878 


6,870 


8,940 


13,510 


1,947 


1 ( 


11.6 


.845 


10, 160 


13,460 


17,110 


2,209 


1 


.857 


■ 40- 


33.9 


.924 


9,850 


11,400 


16,900 


2,260 


^26-^ 


17.6 


.985 


14,760 


18,300 


22,700 


2,500 


72. 


.985 




20 


.788 


3, 800 


5,910 


7,900 


1,240 


1 


6.5 


.796 


5,770 


7,180 


9,770 


1,500 


J 


.723 




30.1 


.854 


4,960 


6,910 


10,600 


1,442 


















.85 


• 21. 


34.5 


.89 


6,330 


8,440 


13,150 


1,900 
















24' 


.89 




20.3 


.822 


3.520 


4,220 


7,260 


1,050 


















.816 


1 


30.7 


.685 


5,060 


6,540 


9,070 


1,525 


















.669 


• 2. 


31.9 


.69 


5.200 


7,040 


9,200 


1,530 
















23 


.707 




29.5 


.68 


4,920 


6,050 


8,940 


1,520 


















.636 




26.3 


. 663 


5,840 


7,180 


10,310 


1,595 


1 


12.1 


.694 


5,760 


7,630 


10,880 


1,754 




.646 


• 2 


27.1 


.68 


6,330 


7,600 


10, 550 


1,610 


[H 


18.2 


.712 


7,730 


9,000 


13,540 


2,290 


■28 


.712 




25.6 


. 646 


5,350 


6,760 


10,080 


1,580 


n 


5.3 


.66 


3,520 


4,220 


4,800 


1,320 




.608 



626 



FORESTEY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



Table I. — Cross-bending 



Name. 



Moisture over 35 per cent. 



Locality. 



> o 
iS o 



« o3 5 

£■3 P. 



si 



(1> o3 53 
£■3 ft 









Supa 

Do 

Balacat 

Do 

Macaasin 

Calantas 

Do 

Tindalo 

Do 

Do 

Amuguis 

Acle 

Do 

Betis 

Do 

Bansalaguin. 
Palo Maria . . 

Batitinan 

Aranga 

Banuyo , 

Balacbaean. . 
Mayapis 



J Unknown. 



(Lamap Forest 
i Reserve, Ba- 
taan. 



fAmbos Cama- 
1 rines. 



Tarlac . 



Unknown. 

Albay 

Mindoro . . 



Unknown. 



Masbate . . 
Mindoro. . 

Tarlac 

Zambales . 
Tayabas. . 



fAmbos Cama- 
I rines. 



Unknown. 
Zambales . 
Unknown. 



fAmbos Caraa- 
\ rines. 

Masbate 



JO c c i d e n t a 
\ Negro s. 

Laguna 



[Average — 
■{Maximum. 
[Minim lun . 
[Average — 
■^Maximum. 
(Minimum . 
(Average... 
■^Maximum. 
iMinimum . 
(Average... 
■| Maximum. 
^Minimum . 
[Average... 
^Maximum. 
[Minimum . 

{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
[Average... 
•I Maximum. 
iMinimum . 
[Average... 
•(Maximum. 
(Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average... 
.•^Maximum. 
(Minimum . 
[Average... 
.■(Maximum. 
iMinimum . 

{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average... 
.■(Maximum. 
(Minimum . 
(Average... 
.•(Maximum. 
(Minim lun. . 
(Average... 
< Maximum . 
(Minimum.. 

{Average... 
Maximum . 
Minimimi. . 
{Average... 
Ma.ximum. 
Minimum.. 
(Average... 
.•^Maximum. 
IMinimum.. 
(Average... 
■{Maximum. 
iMinimum.. 
(Average... 
.i Maximum. 
(Minimum.. 
(Average... 
^ Maximum . 
(Minimum.. 
(Average. . . 
.■[Maximum. 
(Minimum.. 



■35^ 



37.3 
40.8 
35.6 
38.7 
46.7 
35.1 
56.1 
86 
45.7 
45.4 
'( 59. 8 
36.5 
68.4 
87.9 
,36.3 
75.4 
94 
61 

57.3 
67 
38 
40.4 
44.6 
35.8 
44.7 
55 

37.7 
59 
71.8 
50.7 
46.1 
61.1 
.35.7 
92.5 
103 
77 

96.8 
111 
83.6 
38.1 
42.5 
35.1 
61.6 
100 
45 

46.2 
57.8 
40 
56 
105 
36. 6 
54.4 
61.2 
49.1 



H 



82 
115 
47.7 
40 

45.8 
35.2 
07.7 
91 



0.673 
.692 
.61 
.755 
.843 
.70 
.517 
.57 
.478 
.56 
.62 
.516 
.695 
.734 
.667 
.357 
.379 
.336 
.511 
.54 
.492 
.747 
.77 
.734 



.757 

.77 

.813 

.70 

.692 

.76 

.621 

.632 

.707 

.598 

.579 

.604 

.553 

.849 

.882 

.82 

.725 

.798 

.615 

.841 

.883 

.784 

.623 

.708 

.488 

.777 

.795 

.76 



.522 
.572 
.455 
.538 
.584 
.481 
.399 
.456 
.343 



6,410 
8,440 
4,920 
4,890 
6,720 
2,810 
5,120 
6,190 
4,220 
5,210 
6,330 
3,520 
4,370 
8,440 
1,546 
3,000 
3,940 
1,970 
3,560 
5,620 
2,110 
8,a)0 
9,140 
6, .330 
7,070 
10,400 
5,350 
5,290 
7,460 
2,950 
4,490 
9,110 
1,548 
3,920 
5,280 
2,460 
5,900 
7,030 
4,080 
5,780 
7, 380 
3,160 
3,670 
5,240 
2,090 
6,820 
8,440 
3,800 
5,840 
8,790 
2,950 
4,540 
5,620 
2,540 



2,900 
5,070 
1,400 
5,410 
6,330 
4, 220 
4,070 
4,920 
3,510 



8, 18 J 

8,870 
7,180 
7,170 
8,920 
4,920 
6,280 
6,750 
5,780 
6,200 
7,390 
3,940 
6,120 
8,790 
3,550 
4,240 
4,920 
3,100 
4,900 
6,180 
3,020 

10,770 

11,940 
8,430 
9,700 

12,400 
5,350 
7,690 
9,480 
4,500 
6,800 
9,300 
3,520 
6,000 
7,7.30 
4,780 
7,010 
8,720 
4,570 
8, 460 

10, 130 
6,330 
5,620 
7.750 
2,830 
9,420 

10,550 
7,310 
7,040 
9,500 
4,080 
6,350 
7,600 
4,080 



4,170 
6,880 
2,860 
6,320 
6,900 
4,500 
5,320 
6,330 
3,510 



lv.,050 

11,150 

8,630 

8,700 

10,500 

6,490 

8,540 

9,200 

7,730 

7,780 

9,370 

4,790 

8,660 

10,880 

5,180 

5,650 

6,600 

4,400 

6,250 

7,950 

3,060 

15,000 

16,980 

12,300 

11,330 

14,200 

8,600 

11,200 

13,240 

8,420 

9,780 

12,670 

5,630 

7,270 

8,920 

5,250 

9,080 

11,560 

5,810 

11, Gi: 

13,680 
10,010 
7,450 
9,340 
3,660 
11,740 
14,150 
9,510 
8,930 
12,450 
5,500 
9,320 
10,600 
5,900 



5,140 
7,390 
4,080 
8.180 
9,030 
5,960 
6,760 
8,300 
3,510 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 

strength of Philippine timber — Continued. 



627 



Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 




o 






t>, a> m *3 M 


<u a, 


>,'-• 






j,^ 


a m 


+j m 


a> <o 


>,<-< 


o 






■a 


21 


29 


3 03 
*^ 3 


•3 a 








21 


CO 

29 


3 03 
« 3 


■|ft 


+j 




^ 


u-t 


g 


S o . 


fto- 


'■H 




^ 


t»-< 


^ 


S o . 


a& 


+J 


s 


"d 


CO 


1 


o 




1^^ 




c3| . 


■^ 


-M 

§ 


o 




5^§ 


2" 




o 




o 


a 


1% 


lie 

m ,^ =^ 


lis 




9 


1 
o 




tub? 




oJ-3'2 

2':i 


•gft 

m13 




<o 




3 


3 
O 


t 


» 03 £ 
£» ft 


^H m L. 

0) o3 K 

£"Sn 






s 


3 

2 

'o 








lei 


;3ij 


a 
o 


P. 


;z: 


a 


f^ 


l^ 


a 


a 


"A 


^ 


w 


P^ 


i^ 


s 


1^ 


H 


1 f 


29.3 


0.117 


7,360 


10,070 


12,390 


1,907 


1 ( 


14.5 


0.722 


10,060 


11,670 


13, 100 


1 , 863 


1 10.711 


23 


34.4 


.835 


11,250 


12,660 


16,450 


2,870 


18 


19.7 


.808 


15,500 


15,800 16,8.50 


2,280 


)m .835 


1 1 


20 


.644 


4,220 


7,450 


9,140 


1,370 


1 1 


10.2 


.625 


7,040 


7,730 


7,810 


1,475 


1 1 .61 


1 ( 


30.1 


.827 


5,280 


7,520 


9,050 


1,510 


1 














( .813 


i M 


34 


.955 


9,250 


11,010 


13,220 


1,930 


L. 














6l| .955 


J 1 


26.6 


.712 


1,680 


2,410 


3,230 


750 


1 














1 .70 
1 .517 
9-^ .57 


























































1 .478 




26.6 


.579 


5,710 


6, 060 


7,010 


1,204 


) 1 


10.4 


.589 


6,050 


7, 600 


8,270 


1,271 


( .578 


■ 7 


30 


.602 


6, 330 


8,090 


10,000 


1,310 


32.^ 


18.7 


.66 


8,440 


11,250 


11,720 


1,520 


m;o-^ .66 




24.1 


.561 


3,800 


4,220 


4, 690 


1,110 


1 


2.6 


.54 


4,220 


4,670 


4,670 


1,0S0 


I .515 


"1 


26.7 


.77 


5,200 


8,130 


10,560 


1,778 


1 


15.7 


.79 


6,260 


9,650 


11,010 


1,825 


1 .717 


1 ^ 


30.4 


.81 


5,910 


10, 400 


13,130 


1,950 


■4 


19.1 


.82 


8,450 


11,980 


13,240 


2,030 


\m\ .82 




23 


.734 


3,870 


6,330 


8,940 


1,630 




12.3 
11.1 


.76 
.363 


3,240 
5,300 


6,690 
7,260 


7,750 
8,980 


1,530 
1,255 


1 .667 
1 1 .358 
















4< 


14.6 


.37 


6,320 
4,220 


8,160 


9,300 
8,670 


1 340 


J-19< 379 
















1 


8.6 


.355 


6,320 


ijioo 


1 .336 


f 


28.9 


.547 


3,460 


4,500 


5,210 


801 
















.527 


i 


34.5 
23.7 


.583 
.505 


4,920 
1,410 


6,330 
1,410 


7,200 
1,610 


1,050 
580 
















18<, .583 
















1 .492 


( 


28.9 


.787 


9,490 


12,750 


16,570 


2,182 
















f .763 


A 


35.5 


.864 


11,250 


14,340 


17,650 


2,230 
















lO^^ .864 


1 1 


23.3 


.756 


8,440 


11,380 


15, 100 


2,160 
















1 .734 


1 ( 


26.6 


.802 


5,800 


7,470 


8,680 


1,445 


1 


19.5 


.808 


7,180 


9,140 


11,200 


1,570 


1 1 .805 


16 


33.4 


.866 


9,710 


11,250 


12,830 


1.5S0 


■A 


19.5 


.808 


7,180 


9,140 


11,200 


1,570 


^29^ .866 


1 1 


20.6 


.72 


2,890 


2,890 


3,030 


1,180 


1 


19.5 


.808 


7,180 


9,140 


11,200 


1,570 


1 li .72 




22.5 


.785 


6,370 


8, 160 


9,050 


1,273 




18.9 


.766 


5,990 


8,220 


8,920 


1,180 


1 1 .772 


3] 


24.6 


.788 


7,020 


8,300 


10,000 


1,320 


■A 


19.9 


.808 


7,450 


9, 770 


11,020 


1,370 


\m\ .813 


1 1 


20.3 


.784 


5,340 


8,080 


8,080 


1,180 


I 


17.7 


.68 


4,920 


7,170 


7,680 


950 


1 1 .68 


1 


33.6 


.75 


5,620 


8,590 


12,050 


1,760 
















fi .694 


1 


33.6 
33.6 


• 75 

• 75 


5,620 
5,600 


8,590 
8,590 


12,050 
12,050 


1,760 
1,760 
















32| .76 
















l^ .621 


] 


27.9 


.635 


5,630 


6,8.30 


7,550 


1,138 


( 


15.7 


.684 


3,600 


4,920 


5,400 


880 


1 .635 


5] 


34.5 


.67 


6,330 


8,870 


9,750 


1,210 


[ M 


15.7 


.684 


3,660 


4,920 


5,400 


880 


ml .707 


J 1 


21 


.607 


4,640 


5,340 


5,980 


1,060 


J 1 


15.7 


.684 


3,660 


4,920 


5,400 


880 


1 |{.598 

li .579 

6.^' .604 


























































ll .553 


( 


31.8 


.86 


4,930 


8,090 


10,850 


1,593 


1 














I .856 


ri 


34.4 
27.1 


.886 
.82 


7,380 
2,110 


10, 550 
5,380 


14,060 
7,030 


1,950 
1,080 


I 














20.^ .886 


J 














1 


.82 




34 


.806 


4,190 


5,660 


7,580 


2,020 


1 














( 


.728 


M 


34 
34 


.806 
.806 


4,190 
4,190 


5,660 
5,660 


7,580 
7,580 


2,020 
2,020 


I 














H 


.806 


1 














.615 




33.3 


.88 


6,750 


7,030 


7,740 


1,740 


) [ 


15.5 


.87 


8,670 


11,870 


14,480 


2,311 


1 [ 


.85 


f M 


33.3 


.88 


6,750 


7,030 


7,740 


1,740 


6 


17 


.905 


10,250 


13,350 


18,200 


2,530 


H 


.905 


1 


33.3 


.88 


6,750 


7,030 


7,740 


1,740 


1 1 


14.3 


.85 


6,330 


8,780 


12, 400 


2,100 


1 I .784 


. 




























.j 


.708 






























.488 
















( 


5 


.836 


6,850 


8,400 


9,630 


1,655 


1 1 


.795 
















4'^ 


6.2 


.85 


8,860 


11,100 


12,300 


1,910 


^14-^ 


.85 
















1 


4.1 


.821 


4,920 


5,770 


7,030 


1,450 


1 1 


.76 


f 


31.4 


.826 


7,970 


11,070 


13, 440 


2,061 


1 


5.6 


.882 


12,530 


16,230 


17,920 


2,419 


) 1 


.859 


19^ 


34.8 


.86 


10,200 


12, 660 


16, 900 


2,350 


26] 


7 5 


.942 


16,880 


21,3.50 


24, 450 


2,, 800 


H 


.942 


1 


29.3 


.796 


4,790 


8,860 


10,300 


1,740 


1 


2.9 


.832 


7,740 


9,850 


11,630 


2,000 


.796 


1 1 


29.3 


.52 


4,220 


5,340 


5,940 


1,105 




17 


.538 


4,030 


5,530 


6,000 


1,070 


] { .525 


t A 


29.3 


.52 


4,220 


5,340 


5,940 


1,105 


1 ^' 


18.9 


.546 


5,200 


6,040 


6,270 


1,105 \2M .572 


) 1 


29.3 


.52 


4,220 


5,340 


5,940 


1,105 




13.4 


.523 


2,810 


5,200 


5,800 


1,000 1 I: .455 


1 


22.8 


.565 


5,960 


6,980 


8,650 


1,358 




17 4 


.533 


6,190 


7,400 


9,000 


1,550 


1 1 


.543 


r ^ 


25.5 


.67 


0,750 


7,740 


9,320 


1,500 


\ 4. 


19.1 


.54 


6,890 


8,170 


9,440 


1,770 


[l8 


.67 


1 


20.7 


.504 


5,060 


6,120 


7,800 


1,190 


1 1 


16.7 


.525 


5,060 


6,750 


8,380 


1,330 


J 


.481 
.399 
.456 






























20| 


1 




























1 


.343 



628 



FORESTBY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



Table I. — Cross-bending 













Moisture over 


35 per cent. 










& 


a> CO 


+J M 
















2^ 
§ . 


a-a 






Name. 


Locality. 


1 


a 
S 

p. 


"S 


Sec 


fto- 


■gft 

1-3 
° ft§ 








o 

M 
B 


1 


o 

2 


!n S '^ 

5^ ft 


to +J CO 




m 0) 

35 p 

•o_rcr 








9 




ft 














z 


a 


f"H 


P=^ 


S 


S 






(Average 


1 ( 


57.2 


0.635 


4,780 


6,930 


10,280 


1,627 




Mindoro 


•^Maximum.. 
1 Minimum... 


IH 


72 
48.2 


.713 
.553 


6,680 
2,810 


8,570 
5,200 


12,700 
6,900 


1,920 
1,290 








(Average 


1 














Sasalit 


Zambales 


^Maximum . 


I 
















[Minimum... 




















(.\verage 


1 ( 


60.9 


.71 


5,430 


8,120 


11.360 


1,896 




Bataan 


■^Maximum. . 
[Minimum... 


hi 


63 
57.6 


.73 
.70 


7,720 
2,390 


10.200 
5,900 


14,150 
7,160 


2,180 
1.340 






|B a si Ian Is- 


(Average 


) ( 


37.1 


.545 


5,620 


6,460 


7,7v0 


1,160 




•j land, Moro 
[ Province. 


^Maximum. . 
[Minimum... 


H 


38.7 
35.5 


.56 
.53 


6,740 
4,500 


6, 890 
6,040 


8. 060 
7, 520 


1,210 
1,110 





WOOD TESTS — SAWMILLS — PRICES. 



629 



strength of Philippine timber — Continued. 



Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 




Ta" 






t^ 




c-o 


£ * 


^S 






t- 




CO 


IH u 


^S 









■o 


i§ 


^^ 


•gft 






•0 


S . 


t.?r 


B^ 


4J 




1 

1 
o 


a 
S 


g o 


to"' § 


lis 




°p-i 


o 


§ 

p, 


cS 




C3 







U 

a 

a 

■3 






o 




.«i a- 

+J CO 

£■3 P. 


»H 1^ »H 

CI; OT <u 

.2 '3 a 






a 
3 






03 


a3 § ^ 


Q^ oj rtj 

£-S ft 


33^ 
111 


5oi 
ill 




1 


^ 


a 


fe 


^ 


s 


1,732 


z 


'^ 


t^ 


P^ 


S • 


S 


H 


ai 


1 1 


22.4 


0.656 


5,790 


7,530 


10, 530 


1 ( 


12 


0.686 


7,730 


11,220 


13,980 


1,788 


1 CO. 658 


A 


20.4 


.693 


6,900 


8,0l50 


11,740 


2,150 


VA 


19.8 


.75 


9,850 


14,900 


19,830 


2,180 


40 


:ib 


1 1 


21 


.025 


3,800 


6,900 


8,850 


1,530 


1 1 


7.5 


.62 


4,090 


(;,8io 


i 0,040 


1,480 


1 1 


.553 


] 1 


20.4 


.901 


9,990 


11,420 


14,050 


2, 120 


1 1 


12.4 


.839 


8,010 


10,200 


11,310 


1,837 


1 1 


.872 


21 


30.2 


.995 


13,350 


15, 480 


18,720 


2,480 


m 


19.2 


.87 


12,650 


13,980 


15,820 


2,270 


39 


.996 


1 I 

i 


22 


.742 


7,030 


7,460 


8,770 


1,240 


\ \ 


9 


.807 


4,080 


4,220 


5,310 


1,120 


1 1 


.742 

.71 

.73 


1 

1 1 


20.1 


.552 


0,550 


7,620 


10,090 


1,416 




12.7 


584 


7,800 


9,110 


11,390 


1,570 


] 1 


.70 
.565 


\m 


33.9 


.603 


8,870 


10.000 


12, 180 


1,630 


[22] 


19.5 


.671 


10, 140 


12,380 


14,920 


1,870 


[54 


.671 


1 1 


20.5 


.483 


3,510 


4,150 


4,430 


950 




5.3 


.53 


4,220 


4,220 


7,810 


1,340 


I 


.483 



630 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



Table II. — Compressive strength along 



Name. 



Locality. 



Moisture over 35 per cent. 



Num- 
ber of 
tests-. 



Moisture 
(per 
cent) . 



Specific 
gravity 
of dry 
wood. 



Stress at 
rupture 
(pounds 

per 
square 
inch) . 



Lauan 

Do 

Apitong 

Do 

Guijo 

Do 

Molave 

Do 

Yacal 

Narra 

Do 

Tanguile . . . 

Do 

Sacat 

Do 

Ipil 

Do 

Do 

Dungon 

Do 

Do.o ... 
Malasantol . 
Supa 

Do 

Balacat 



[Average 

Mindanao -^Maximum. 

[Minimum ., 

[Average 

Zambales -^Maximum. 

I Minimum . , 

[Average 

Mindanao -j Maximum. 

I Minimum . 

(Average 

Zambales -{Maximum. 

[Minimum ., 

[Average 

Ambos Camarines -^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average 

Mindoro -^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average. . . 
Near Lagunade Bay. . .^Maximum. 
[Minimum . 

I Average 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
Average. .. 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average. . . 

Zambales < Maximum. 

(Minimum . 

{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 

(Average... 
Tarlac -{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average... 
Ambos Camarines -^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average... 
Mindoro -{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average... 
Palawan -^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average. .. 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average... 

Masbate : -{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 
(Average... 

Mindanao -^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average... 

do -{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 
(Average... 

Tayabas -{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

JLamao Forest Re- ItlVuS^,,;,' 
{ serve, Bataan. ^f.^um; 



52.4 

73 

38.4 

59.5 

76 

35.2 

53 

71.8 

36 

53.4 

93 

46.4 

41.8 

59.6 

36 

55.7 

79.6 

40.9 

46.4 

66 

37 

50.5 

61.5 

40.3 

46.7 

75 

38.6 

77.7 

93 

66.5 

55.9 

75.5 

35.5 

40.5 

47.4 

35.2 

44.1 

58.6 

35.6 

49.8 

53.8 

46.2 

53.1 

89.7 

35.2 

52.9 

78.7 

43,5 

60.4 

89 

37.5 

51.4 

61.2 

44.8 

44.1 

58 

37.1 

36.9 

37.5 

36.2 

50.7 

82 

35.5 

64.4 

86 

37.4 

36:1 

36.3 

36 

37.2 

41.6 

35.1 

52.6 

61.6 

39.5 



0.444 
.485 
.408 
.478 
.529 
.412 
.617 
.715 
.56 
.679 
.721 
.588 
.675 
.73 
.629 
.697 
.806 
.596 
.772 
.85 
.69 
.784 
.822 
.712 
.828 
.85 
.77 
.563 
.69 
.535 
.619 
.68 
.482 
.53 
.565 
.47 
.46 
.54 
.405 
.561 
.585 
.54 
.60 
.657 
.478 
.796 
.872 
.714 
.666 
.75 
.56 
.807 
.867 
.75 
.803 
.846 
.723 
.825 
.84 
.816 
.669 
.707 
.636 
.631 
.68 
.608 
.677 
.692 
.644 
.746 
.855 
.70 
.517 
.57 
.478 



a This is not the wood commonly known as Dungon but is often sold under that name. 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 

the grain of Philippine timber. 



631 



Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 


Total 
nmnber 
of tests. 










Stress at 








Stress at 


Specific 


Number 


Moisture 

(per 

cent). 


Specific 
gravity 


rupture 
(pounds 


Number 


Moisture 


Specific 
gravity 


rupture 
(pounds 


gravity 
of dry 
wood, 

all tests. 


of tests. 


of dry 


per 


of tests. 


(per 


of dry 


per 




wood. 


square 




cent). 


wood. 


square 










inch). 








inch). 








( 30.5 


0.44 


4,040 


1 


f 12.4 


0.458 


6,180 




0.448 


40 


\ 35 


.47 


4,550 


32 


\ 19.4 


.488 


9,270 


139 


.488 




1 25 


.40 


3,470 


J 


[ a3 


.404 


4,730 


70 


.40 

.470 

.529 


















.412 




f 27.2 


.711 


5,740 


] 


f 14.4 


.688 


7,250 


1 


.645 


24 


1 34 


.825 


6,770 


\ 28 


\ 19.4 


.735 


9,400 


} 150 


.825 




{ 20 


.664 


4,740 


1 


1 7.8 
1 15.2 


.618 
.93 


5,270 
4,190 




.56 
.687 










2 


i 15.2 
1 15.2 


.93 
.93 


4,220 
4,160 


[ 62 


.93 










.588 




f 28.8 


.719 


6,160 


1 


f 14.6 


.748 


7,940 


1 


.708 


24 


35 


.76 


7,220 


\ 36 


i 19.8 


.82 


11,400 


\ 110 


.82 




2a 2 


.673 


4,900 


J 


I 7.5 


.68 


3,980 


1 


.629 
.697 
.806 


















98 


















.596 




( 29. 7 


.794 


7,080 




f 12.7 


.818 


8,330 




.783 


20 


\ 34.6 


.858 


8,800 


17 


{ 18.8 


.88 


10,300 


115 


.88 




I 20.2 


.725 


6,100 




1 5.2 


.728 


6,800 


50 


.69 

.784 

.822 


















.712 




1 29.5 


.832 


8,340 




f ia4 


.849 


9,220 


1 


.843 


94 


35 


.94 


9,510 


29 


\ 18.1 


.90 


11,280 


} 157 


.94 




I 21.8 


.76 


6,250 




[ 10.7 


.814 


7,580 


1 

20 


.76 

.563 

.59 


















.535 




( 2&5 


■ .534 


5,290 




f 7.5 


.484 


6,740 


1 


.54 


18 


{ 34.2 


.77 


7,060 


24 


9.7 


.531 


8,600 


\ 60 


.77 




I 21.1 


.438 


4,160 




{ 4.8 


.384 


4,540 


J 


.384 




1 30.6 


.485 


5,030 




( ia7 


.424 


5,230 


1 


.469 


22 


35 


.52 


5,450 


32 


19.9 


.58 


6,521 


\ 72 


.58 




I 27.2 


.355 


3,752 




8.8 
9.6 


.376 
.535 


3,825 
6,900 


1 


.355 
.491 










38 


19.2 


.604 


8,670 


\ 92 


.606 












1 1.7 


.478 


4,150 


1 

14 


.405 
.561 
.585 




















.54 




( 26.6 


.592 


5,500 




f 12.4 


.661 


7,140 




.616 


22 


\ 34 8 


.677 


5,910 


38 


\ 19.7 


.70 


9,020 


134 


.70 




[ 20 


.485 


3,990 




1 4.2 


.601 


4,970 




.478 




f 25.9 


.779 


6,250 




f 17.7 


.807 


6,570 




.792 


30 


31.7 


.855 


7,600 


16 


\ 19.9 


.99 


8,020 


82 


.99 




21.6 


.68 


4,280 




[ 14.8 


.713 


3,650 




.68 




32.5 


.77 


6,030 




f 19.8 


.77 


6,540 




.673 


4 


3a 4 


.77 


6,470 


2 


I 19.8 


.77 


6,570 


90 


.77 




[ 31.5 


.77 


5,530 




1 19.8 


.77 


6,510 


79 


.56 

.807 

.867 




















.75 




2.5.2 


.88 


6,440 




f 10.7 


.839 


9.420 


1 


.858 


54 


34 


.985 


7,970 


48 


\ 16.4 


.882 


11,970 


} 108 


.985 




20 


.788 


4,050 




1 8 


.796 


6,410 


J 


.723 




29.5 


.854 


4,690 












.85 


40 


34.8 
25.1 


.89 
.822 


6,670 
3,460 


. 








46 


.89 










.816 




32.6 


.67 


4,600 












.669 


6 


35 


.69 


5,200 










44 


.707 




29 


.657 


4,090 












.636 




30.7 


.684 


4,840 




f 13.5 


.694 


6,580 


1 


.646 


1 ^ 


34.3 


.689 


5,040 


10 


{ 17.1 


.712 


8,040 


[ 54 


.712 




27.2 


.679 


4,660 




1 10 


.66 


5,140 


1 


.608 




30.2 


.711 


7,100 




14.5 


.713 


8,700 


1 


.711 


42 


33.4 


.835 


8,510 


42 


\ 19.5 


.808 


10, 340 


} 92 


.835 




26 


.61 


5,790 




1 8.3 


.625 


7,046 


1 


.61 




28.3 


.819 


5,980 












.813 


112 


34.7 
22.5 


.955 
.712 


7,700 
4,000 










122 


.955 










.70 




















.517 


. ^ 
















16 


.57 


















.478 



632 



FOKESTEY BULLETIN NO. 4. 

Table II. — Compressive strength along the 



Balacat 

Macaasin 

Calantas 

Do 

Tindalo 

Do 

Do 

Amuguis . . . . 
Acle 

Do 

Betis 

Do 

Bansalaguin. 
Palo-Maria. . 
Batitinan. . . 

Aranga 

"Banuyo 

Balacbacan.. 

Mayapis 

Malugay 

Sasalit 

Liusin 

Lumbayao . . 



Locality. 



(Average 

Tarlac .^Maximum. 

(Minimum . 

[Average. . . 
Unknown ^ Ma.ximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average. . . 
Albay .^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average. . . 
Mindoro .^Maximum'. 

(Minimum . 

[Average. . . 
Unknown ^Maximum. 

(Minimum . 

[Average. . . 
Ambos Camarines I Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

1 Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average... 

Tarlac .^Maximum. 

(Minimum . 

{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
[Average... 

Tayabas .{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 
(Average. . . 

Ambos Camarines i Maximum . 

[Minimum . 
(Average... 

Unknown -I Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

i Average. .. 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average. . . 

Ambos Camarines i Maximum . 

[Minimum . 
(Average. . . 

Masbate ^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average. . . 

Laguna -I Maximum. 

[Minimum . 
(Average. .. 

Mindoro ....^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 
(Average. .. 

Zambales .(Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 

I''pilfj?nl"''''''' ^°'° iMlxinfum: 
\ Provmce. [Minimum. 



Moisture over 35 per cent. 



Num- 
ber of 
tests.. 



I Stress at 
Moisture ^Pf:^^^ ! ™P*"^! 



/-rvpr 1 gravity i (pounds 
S 1 °fdry 



44.7 

63 

36.8 

63.9 

81.5 

35.2 

77.3 

89.6 

62.9 

57.3 

64.7 

46 

41.9 

44.8 

38.3 

43.9 

58.1 

37 

56.7 

70.1 

50.7 

45.2 

57.8 

36 

84.5 

101 
39.2 
94.9 

106 
81 

38.2 
42.7 
31.6 
59.5 
79.3 
42.8 
43 

53.6 
35.1 
50.2 

103 
35.1 
54.9 
61.6 
48.5 



77.9 
110 
35.3 
43 
46.6 
39.5 
63.5 
85.4 
44.1 
55.8 
70.8 
46.6 



wood. 



60.9 

63 

57.6 



0.56 
.62 
.515 
.703 
.81 
.667 
.357 
.379 
.336 
.51 
.54 
.492 
.747 
.77 
.734 



.72 

.77 

.813 

.70 

.692 

.76 

.621 

.631 

.707 

.598 

.579 

.604 

.553 

.854 

.882 

.82 

.725 

.798 

.615 

.841 

.88 

.784 

.618 

.704 

.488 

.777 

.795 

.76 



per 

square 

inch). 



.527 

.572 

.46 

.546 

.578 

.514 

.399 

.456 

.343 

.635 

.713 

.553 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 



633 



grain of Philippine timber — Ct)iitiiui(Hi. 



Moisture 20 to 35 per cent. 


Moisture under 20 per cent. 


Total 
niunljer 
of tests. 




Number 


1 

Moisture 

(per 

cent). 


Specific 
gravity 


Stress ai 
rupture 
(pounds 


Number 


Moisture 

(per 

cent). 


Speciflc 
gravity 


Stress at 
rupture 
(pounds 


Speciflc 

gravity 

of dry 

wood. 


of tests. 


of dry 
wood. 


per 
square 


of tests. 


of dry 
wood. 


per 
square 




all tests. 








inch). 








inch). 








f 24.9 


0.588 


4,650 




9.8 


0.587 


5,530 


1 


f 0.578 


12 


30.7 


.66 


5, 320 


66 


19.2 


.638 


7,590 


^ 118 


.66 




20 


.561 


3,770 




2.2 


.54 


4, 020 




.515 




26.2 


.776 


5,880 




17.1 


.793 


6, 860 




.717 


10 


30.5 


.78 


6,600 


6 


18 


.82 


7, 6.50 


. 92 


.82 




[ 20 


.774 


4,960 




15.7 
9.7 


.76 
.363 


5,9,80 
4, 420 




.667 
.358 


. 








8 


12.8 
7.1 


.37 
.3.55 


4,830 
.3,230 


36 


.379 










.336 




f 26.3 


.537 


3,820 




12.5 


.557 


3, .520 


1 


.527 


I 12 


32.2 


.583 


4,320 


6 


19.1 


..573 


4,360 


\ 36 


.583 




23.8 


.505 


3,360 




9.1 


.531 


2,890 


1 


.492 




28.8 


.787 


8,770 












.763 


8 ' 


32 4 


.864 


9,680 
6,890 










20 


.864 




23! 6 


.756 












.734 




27.4 


.806 


7,310 




f 16.9 


.819 


7,710 




.805 


26 


32.7 


.866 


9,040 


6 


17.6 


.83 


8,650 


55 


.866 




22.5. 


.742 


3, ,530 




15.7 


.802 


7,040 




.72 


_ 


22 


.753 


6,340 




18.6 


;794 


6,780 




.772 


8 ' 


23 


.788 


7,350 


8 


19.4 


.808 


7,660 


36 


.813 




20.1 


.68 


5, 150 




I 16.9 


.781 


5,950 




.68 




32.9 


.707 


4,920 












.693 


6 


34.8 


.75 


6,140 










60 


.76 




30 


.641 


3,980 












.621 




30.2 


.647 


5,050 












( .635 


> 10 


34 


.684 


5,820 
4,400 










37 


{ .707 




25 


!607 












1 .598 




















1 .579 


















12 


\ .604 


















.553 




f 31.5 


'.857 


6,410 












f .856 


(• ^4 


.34.8 


.886 


7,330 
5,000 










38 


i .886 




28.3 


.82 












I .82 




34 


.806 


4,410 












.728 


2 


34 
34 


.806 
.806 


4,540 
4,290 


. 








62 


\ .806 










1 .615 




32.8 


.883 


7,140 




( 14.5 


.87 


8,630 


1 


f .&5 


2 


32.8 


.883 


7,310 


f ^^ 


{ 16.5 


.905 


9,560 


48 


\ .905 




32.8 


.883 


6,980 




[ 12.1 


.85 


7,800 


1 


.784 




34.2 


.674 


5,720 












f .623 


( ^ 


35 


.708 


6,240 










42 


\ .708 


33.4 


.64 


5,340 












.488 












( 5 


.836 


9,290 




f .795 








8 


\ 5.6 
I 4.4 


.85 
.821 


10,640 
7,190 


26 


\ .85 










t .76 




f 31.2 


.826 


8,020 


] 


( 4.9 


.882 


12,420 


^ 88 


.859 


36 


34.5 


.86 


8,730 


I 52 


{ 6.4 


.942 


14,920 


.942 




27.7 


.796 


6,840 


J 


1 3.4 


.832 


9,290 




[ .796 




94 2 


.50 


3,990 


1 


1 15.5 


.534 


4,1,50 




f .525 


4 


28' 


.546 


4,470 


[ * 


\ 17.8 


.545 


4,470 


38 


{ .572 




I 20.5 


.455 


3,400 


1 


1 13.3 


.523 


3, ,530 




.455 




f 28.8 


.544 


4,720 




1 17.4 


.539 


5, 220 




.543 


20 


\ 35 


.67 


5,640 


[ 10 


\ 19.9 


.56 


5,660 


34 


\ .67 




[ 20.4 


.481 


3,980 


J 


1 14.8 


.525 


4,530 


40 


[ .481 
1 .399 
\ .456 


















1 .343 




f 22.1 


.666 


5,740 


1 


f 11.2 


.683 


8,0S0 


1 


f -P 


18 


\ 35.9 


.71 


7,270 


\ 26 


\ 18.8 


.75 


10,930 


\ 78 


\ .75 




20 


.625 


5,160 


1 


1 7.4 


.62 


4,830 


1 


I .553 




25.7 


.89 


9,290 


1 


f 11.3 


.849 


9,100 


1 


( .872 


42 


\ 31.1 


.984 


11,890 


I 34 


i 15.8 


.995 


11,180 


\ 70 


\ .995 


I 


[ 21.5 


.742 


6,600 


1 


1 8.7 


.815 


6,400 


1 

8 


1 .742 

.71 
\ .73 


[ 
















1 .70 




f 25.2 


.551 


5,480 


] 


f 12.5 


.58 


6,410 




1 .565 


54 


\ 31.5 


.603 


6,390 


[ 52 


\ 19.7 


.671 


8,100 


106 


\ .671 




[ 20.1 


.483 


4,520 


J 


[ 5.3 


.53 


3,550 




I .483 



634 



FORESTBY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



SHEAR ALONG THE GRAIN. 



The form of the piece used for shear tests is shown in fig. 2, Plate II. The pieces 
were either 1^ or IJ inches thick, 3 inches wide, and 18 inches long. Just 1 inch from 
one end of the piece a hole was cut five-eighths inch by 1 inch, through which a rectan- 
gular steel bar was placed. The opposite end of the test piece was then gripped in the 
upper jaws of the machine and the load was applied on the steel bar until the material 
directly under it was sheared out. It will be seen that this arrangement produces 
double shear, the area being either 3 or 3^ square inches, depending upon the thickness of 
the piece. For these tests the machine was operated at a speed of 0.3 inch per minute. 

Table III. — Shearing strength, along the grain of Philippine timber. 
(Results averaged regardless of moisture content.] 



Name. 



Locality. 



Kflg-vity 



Stress at 
Specific I rupture 



Lauan 

Do 

Apitong 

Do 

Guijo 

Do 

Molave 

Do 

Yacal 

Narra 

Do Cagayan . 

Tanguile Unknown 

Do Zambales 



Mindanao 

Zambales 

Mindanao 

Zambales 

Ambos Camarines. . . 

Mindoro 

Near Laguna de Bay. 
Ambos Camarines. . . . 

....do 

Near Laguna de Bay. 



go_ot tLamao Forest Reserve, Ba 
1 taan. 



Do 1 Tarlac . 



Ipil. 



-Ambos Camarines. 



Do Mindoro 

Do ' Palawan , 

Dungon ' Ambos Camarines . 

Do Masbate 

Do.a Mindanao 

Malasantol Unknown 



(Average. . . 
.■{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

[Average. . . 
-•^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 

I Average... 
.< Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average. .. 
.■{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average.. . 
.■{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average. .. 
.-^Maximum. 

(Minimum . 

(Average. .. 
.-^Maximimi. 

[Minimimi . 

(Average... 
.■{Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average. . . 
.•{Maximum.. 

[Minimum . 

{Average. .. 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average. .. 
.■{Maximum. 
[Minimum . 
(Average. .. 
"■{Maximum. 
[Minimum . 

{Average.. . 
Maximum. 
Minimum. 
(Average. .. 
■^Maximum. 
[Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average... 
■^Maximum. 
[Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
f Average... 
■{Maximum. 
[Minimum. , 

(Average 

■{Maximum. 
[Minimum . . 

(Average 

■{Maximum.. 
[Minimum . . 



142 
09 

150 
(i2 

110 
98 

129 
51 

150 
20 
59 
70 
86 
14 

132 
79 
90 



44 



0.446 
.488 
.40 
.478 
.529 
.412 
.645 
.825 
.56 
.687 
.93 
.588 
.708 
.82 
.629 
.697 
.806 
.596 
.784 



.784 

.825 

.716 

.843 

.94 

.76 

.563 

.59 

.535 

.54 

.77 

.384 

.471 

.58 

.355 

.491 

.606 

.405 

.561 

.585 

.54 

.616 

.70 

.478 

.793 

.99 

.68 

.673 

.77 

.56 

.807 

.867 

.75 

.852 

.985 

.723 

.85 

.89 

.816 

.669 

.707 

.636 

.646 

.712 



o This is not the wood commonly known as Dungon, but is often sold under that name. 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 



635 



Table III. — Shearing strength along the grain of Philippine timber — Continued. 



Name. 



1)< 



Do. 



Do. 



Do. 



Do. 



Locality. 



(Average... 
Unknown -iMaximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average. . . 
Tayabas .^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 
/Lamao Forest Reserve, Ba- l^ve^^g^.. 

^ ^"-^^^ [Minimum . 

[Average. . . 
Tarlac .^ Maxim lun. 

[Minimum . 

(Average... 
Macaasin Unknown .^Maximimi. 

[Minimum . 

(Average.. . 
Albay -I Maximum. 

I Minimum . 

(Average. .. 
Mindoro ■; Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

(Average. . . 
Unknown .^Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average. . . 
Maximimi. 
Minimum . 
{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average. .. 

Do Zambales .j Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimimi . 
(Average. . . 

Do Ambos Camarines -(Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
(Average. . . 

Zambales •! Maximum. 

JMlnimimi . 
(Average. . . 

Unknown -^Maximum . 

[Minimum . 

{Average.'.. 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 
{Average. . . 
Maximum. 
Minimimi . 
(.\verage... 

Negros Occidental -(Maximum. 

[Minimum . 
[Average... 

Laguna -(Maximum. 

[Minimum . 
(Average. .. 

Mindoro -| Maximum . 

[Minimum . 
Average.. . 

Zambales -(Maximum. 

[Minimum . 

{Average... 
Maximum. 
Minimum . 

|Ba£lan Island, Moro Prov- J^ISn,; 

[Minimum . 



\ ince. 



Num- 
ber of 
tests. 



86 
118 
16 
117 
92 
34 
35 
20 
56 
36 
60 
36 
11 
38 
61 
48 
46 
26 
82 
38 
34 
40 
78 
75 



Specific 

gravity, 

dry 

wood. 



0.71 
.835 
.61 
.813 
.955 
.70 
.517 
.57 
.478 
.578 
.66 
.515 
.717 
.82 
. 6t)7 
.358 
.379 
.336 
.527 
.583 
.492 
.763 
.864 
.734 
.805 
.866 
.72 
.772 
.813 
.68 
.692 
.75 
.621 
.63 
.707 
.598 
.579 
.604 
.553 
.8,50 
.886 
.82 
.728 
.806 
.615 
.85 
.905 
.784 
.623 



.795 

.85 

.76 

.863 

.942 

.796 

.525 

.572 

.455 

.543 

.67 

.481 

.399 

.456 

.343 

.658 

.75 

.553 

.872 

.995 

.742 

.71 

.73 

.70 

. 565 

.671 

.483 



Stress at 
rupture 
(pounds 

per 
square 
inch) . 



1,480 
520 
852 

1,,380 
293 
486 
638 
300 
692 

1,281 
253 
916 

1,390 
376 
526 
870 
289 
778 

1,049 
455 

1,004 

1,460 
685 
911 

1,507 
299 
905 

1,226 
496 
824 

1,762 
396 
686 

1,270 
420 
778 

1,190 
443 

1,168 

1,555 
598 
819 

1,243 
474 

1,098 

1,865 
695 
856 

1,581 
528 
859 

2,195 
535 

1,038 

2,324 
355 
596 

1,065 
287 
689 

1,048 
423 
472 
790 
288 
980 

1,885 
464 

1,176 

1,938 
708 
886 

1,388 
543 
827 

1,306 
353 



636 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 

COMPRESSION ACROSS THE GRAIN. 

Compression across the grain, as it usually occurs in practice, is a combination of 
simple compression over a given area, and shearing and bending of the material along 
the edges of that area. It was desired, if possible, to determine just what part of the 
load went into simple compression and what part was used in shearing and bending 
the material along the edges of the area compressed. The following method was 
adopted and has proven very satisfactory. 

Pieces 4 by 4 inches by 6 feet were used. The ciece to be tested was laid upon the 
table of the machine and tne load was applied to cast-iron blocks laid across the test 
piece. (See fig. 3, Plate II.) Two tests were made upon each piece; one with an iron 
block 2 inches wide and one with an iron block 6 inches wide, the material under the 
iron block being compressed 0.6 inch unless it showed a decided point of failure 
before that deflection was reached. If no point of failure could be detected, 0.6 inch 
deflection was assumed arbitrarily as the point of failure. 

Let W equal the load necessary to apply on the 6-inch block to produce a given 
deflection, and let W^ equnl the load necessary to apply on the 2-inch block to produce 
the same deflection, then W— W^ equals the load which would produce that deflec- 
tion upon an area 4 by 4 inches by simple compression — that is, without the support 
usually given by the material along the edges of the area over which the load is applied ; 

W— W^ 

therefore, — r^ — equals the stress of simple compression in pounds per square inch. 

This quantity will be called P. 

Now, to determine the part of the load which is used in bending the material along 
the edges, the test with the 2-inch block will be considered. 

The area under compression is 8 square inches; therefore, 8P equals the part of the 
load which produces simple compression, and since W^ equals the total load applied, 
W^— 8P equals the part of the load which bends and shears the fiber along the edges 

w/. gp 

of the block, and 5 equals the stress in pounds per linear inch, which produces 

bending and shearing of the fibers and will be called p. 

For small deflections -and large areas, p may usually be neglected, but it increases 
rapidly as the deflection increases, and for large deflections and small areas which 
have their greater dimension extending across the grain, p is a very important factor, 
often much more important than P. P and p are very nearly independent of the area 
under consideration, and may therefore be used in all ordinary cases of compression 
across the gi'ain. 

In the following plates values of P are represented by curves A, and values of p by 
curves B. All specimens which were tested were clear and sound. 

MOISTURE DETERMINATIONS. 

As previously stated, moisture disks were cut at A, B, and C. (See fig. 1, Plate II.) 
These disks were about three-eighths of an inch thick. They were weighed as soon 
as cut and then placed in a small, steam dry kiln, having a temperature of 110° C, 
until they were dried to constant weight and then weighed again. The difference 
between the original weight and the weight after drying was considered as the weight 
of the moisture, and the percentage of moistm"e was determined with reference to the 
dry weight. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 

In all cases the specific gravity was determined from the full-sized beam. After 
the moisture content was determined at A, B, and C (see fig. 1, Plate II), the results 
were averaged to obtain the average percentage of moisture for the entire beam and 
the specific gravity was determined for dry wood. For this paper, the following 
arbitrary classification for heaviness is made: Light, less than 0.50; moderately 
heavy, 0.50 to 0.70; heavy, 0.70 to 0.90; very heavy, over 0.90. Thus Lauan would 
be classed as light; Apitong, moderately heavy; Yacal, heavy; and Ebony, very 
heavy. 

HARDNESS." 

While hardness is an important property of all materials of construction and has 
received considerable attention by technologists, there is great diversity of opinion 
as to how this property shall be defined, tested, and measured. No measure of hard- 
ness has yet been proposed which is entirely satisfactory for all materials. The 

« For discussion of hardness of materials and hardness test, see Martens's Handbook 
of Testing Materials, p. 288. 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 



637 



wood worker says a wood is hard if it resists penetration by wood-working tools. This 
is probably as satisfactory a definition as can be given, and the tests made by this 
bureau are based upon this conception of hardness. For lack of a b(>tter method, a 
scale of hardness for woods has been arranged in the following manner: Representative 
samples of the various species were selected for this test. The pieces were seasoned 
and one surface of each was carefully smoothed. Across the grain of each smoothed 
surface a hardened steel point was drawn, with a pressure of 3.3 pounds. The depth 
of the scratch produced was considered a measure of hardness. On such woods as 
Ebony and Bansalaguin the steel point had very little effect, while on California 
Redwood and Calantas it made a ragged scratch one thirty-second of an inch or more 
in depth. No claim is made for great accuracy by the above method, and it is possible 
that the order of hardness may be altered slightly if a more satisfactory test can be 
devised. 

California Redwood and Oregon Pine are placed in the following list to give an idea 
of the relative hardness of American and Philippine woods: 

Woods arranged in order of hardness. 



Mu- 
seum 
No. 


Kind of wood. 


Remarks. 


Mu- 
seum 
No. 


Kind of wood. 


Remarks. 


1001 


• 


Very hard. 
Do. 
Do. 


1024 
1027 

"mi 

1037 
1038 
1040 
1041 
1043 
1044 
1046 
1047 
1049 
1053 
1054 
1056 


Supa 


Hard. 


1003 


Bansalaguin 


Acle 


Do. 


1004 




Moderately hard. 
Do. 


1005" 




Do. 


Malasantol 


1006 


Betis 


Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Hard. 
Do. 
Do. 


Banuyo 


Do. 


1007 




Tanguile 


Do. 


1010 


Aranga 


Sacat 

Narra 


Do. 


1011 


Guijo 


Do. 


1013 


Tindalo 


Lumbayao 


Soft. 


1014 


Yacal . 


Balaeat 


Do. 


1015 


Molave 


Do. 


Oregon Pine 

Lauan 


Do. 


1016 




Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 


1017 






Do. 


1019 






Very soft. 


1020 




California Redwood 


Do. 


1021 


Ipil 


Do. 


1023 















STRUCTURAL QUALITIES, APPEARANCE, USES, PROVINCES LEADING IN PRODUCTION, 
SIZES, AND COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES. « 



Structural qualities. — Lauan is a light and soft wood that takes a fair polish. It 
is not durable in the ground or when exposed to the sun and the rain. It seasons 
well, is usually free from defects, and is not inclined to split or check. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Both the heartwood and sapwood of Lauan are 
nearly white. The wood has a straight but rather coarse grain. 

Uses. — Lauan is used in light and temporary construction. It is also used in cab- 
inetmaking, in inferior furniture, and for small boats. 

Provinces leading in production. — Negros Occidental, Bulacan, Bataan, Leyte, and 
Zambales. 

Sizes. — On a coastal plain in Mindoro the average diameter of 575 trees over 16 inches 
(40 centimeters) of Lauan {Shorea contorta Vid.) is 26 inches (66 centimeters). On 
the lower slopes of Mount Silay, in Negros Occidental, the average diameter of 885 
trees over 16 inches (40 centimeters) of Almon is 28 inches (71 centimeters). The 
average merchantable length of 15 measured trees of this species is 88 feet (27 meters). 
The Lauan of Tayabas has a maximum diameter of 35 inches (89 centimeters) and 
a clear length of 102 feet (31 meters). 

Common names.i — T., Lauan, Lauaan, Bayucan, Sandana; Cag., Balabas; II., 

"All information here given regarding sizes and common and botanical names 
was collected and arranged by H. N. Whitford, forester, chief of the division of forest 
products. 

bin connection with the common names, the dialects of the names, or the provinces 
where they are used, are shown by the following abbreviations: T., Tagalog; Cag., 
Cagayan; ll., Ilocano; Pamp., Pampanga; Neg.. Negrito; V., Visayan; B., Bicol; 
N. v., Nueva Viscaya; Isa., Isabela; Pang., Pangasinan; Z., Zambales, 



638 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 

Apuit Duyong, Ligameti, Anting, Bayncan; Pamp., Lauayan; Neg., Bayucan; V., 
Lauaan; B., Malasinoro, Hapnit. 

Remarks. — Several different kinds of woods are marketed under the name of Lauan. 
They are classified as red and white Lauan. The red Lauans are allied to Balacbacan 
and Tanguile in structural qualities. (See under these names.) There are at least 
two white Lauans. Shorea contorta Vid., found in the provinces of Mindoro, Bataan, 
and Zambales, is the true white Lauan. Shorea squamata from the island of Negros 
is known under the Visayan name of Almon or Lauaan. .It is probable that the true 
Lauan (Shorea contorta) and Almon (Shorea squamata) are known on the market from 
other provinces under other names. 



Structural qualities. — ^Apitong is a moderately heavy, hard wood that is fairly durable 
and usually clear and sound. It shrinks considerably in drying, but does not check 
badly. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Apitong has a reddish color. It is straight but rather 
coarsegrained. 

Uses. — Apitong is used in ordinary construction, in shipbuilding, and for inferior 
furniture. 

Provinces leading in production. — Bataan, Zambales, Negros Occidental, Ambos Ca- 
marines, Tayabas, Bulacan, and Mindoro. 

Sizes. — On a coastal plain in Mindoro the average diameter of 73 trees over 16 inches 
(40 centimeters) of Apitong (Dipterocarpus sp.) is 26 inches (67 centimeters). In 
Negros the average diameter of 1,051 trees over 16 inches (40 centimeters) is 24 inches 
(60 centimeters), and the average merchantable length of 13 measured trees is 62 feet 
(19 meters). These dimensions are for D. grandijlorus Blanco. The sizes given are 
thought to be low, for a large percentage of the Negros trees measured had been injured 
by tapping for resin. 

The Apitong (species not known) of Tayabas has a maximum clear length of 100 
feet (30 meters) and a maximum diameter of 45 inches (114 centimeters). 

On a coastal plain in Mindoro the average diameter of 161 trees over 16 inches (40 
centimeters) of Hagachac (Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk.) is 26 inches (67 centimeters). 
In a similar habitat in Baler, Tayabas, the average diameter of all the trees on 
31 acres, 8 inches (20 centimeters) and over, of Hagachac is 21 inches (53 centimeters). 
The maximum diameter is 53 inches (134 centimeters), and the average clear length 
is 86 feet (26 meters). 

Common names . — Apitong: T., Apitong, Hapiton, Apiton, Balao; B.,Anahaon; V., 
Hapitan, Mapitan; Cag., Camuyao, Duco; II., Canimyao. Panao: T. Bulay (Batangas), 
Balao, Malapao, Malapaho, Panao, Panuo. Hagachac: T., Hagachac. 

Remarks. — At least four species are placed on the market as Apitong. They are the 
true Apitong (Dipterocarpus grandijlorus Blanco), Panao (Dipterocarpus vernicifluus 
Blanco), Hagachac (Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk.), and an undescribed species 
from Mindoro that has the common name of Apitong (Dipterocarpus sp.). The woods 
of these four species differ but little in appearance. 

Bettergrades of Apitong are sometimes sold as Guijo. 



Structural qualities. — The wood of Guijo is moderately heavy, hard, strong, brittle, 
fairly durable, and usually free from defects. It is inclined to warp and check in 
drying. ... 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Guijo has an ashy red color and is straight grained. 

Uses. — Guijo is used in general construction and shipbuilding, for carriage wheels 
and shafts, for flooring and girders of. houses, and for inferior furniture. 

Provinces leading in production. — Mindoro, Tayabas, Leyte, Ambos Camarines, 
Misamis, and Sorsogon. 

Sizes. — On a coastal plain in Mindoro the average diameter of 168 trees over 16 inches 
(40 centimeters) of Shorea guiso Blume is 25 inches (63 centimeters). For Baler, 
Tayabas, the average diameter for trees over 8 inches (20 centimeters) of Guisoc, meas- 
ured on 81 acres, is 13 inches (33 centimeters), the maximum diameter 35 inches (89 
centimeters), and the average clear length 39 feet (12 meters). In southern Tayabas 
there is a reported maximum diameter for Guijo of 40 inches (101 centimeters) and a 
maximum clear length of 88 feet (27 meters). 

Common names. — T., Guiso, Guijo, Guis6c, Guisihang, Betic (Laguna); Cag., 
Sdray, Zitan; N. V., Cotopang, Curucat, Curyao; II., Yamban, Niquet, Zimaya, 
Saray, Zilan; B., Guisoc, Guiso, Yamban; Pamp., Yamban. 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 639 

Remarks. — So far as is known, there is only one species placed on the market as 
Guijo. This is Shorea guiso Blume, though better grades of Apitong are sometimes 
sold as Guijo. 



Structural qualities. — The wood of Molavc is hard, heavy, and brittle. It is almost 
imperviovis to decay and is not attacked by the anay (white ant). It checks slightly 
in seasoning. Heart checks and small knots are quite frequent. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — The heartwood of Molave is pale yellow and the sap- 
wood is only slightly lighter in color. The wood is very fine and usually cross-grained. 

Uses. — The wood of Molave is most highly valued for general building purposes, 
where durability is essential.' It is used in shipbuilding; for posts, sleepers, and 
interior trim of houses; and in cabinetmaking and turnery. 

Provinces leading in production. — Tayabas, Leyte, Misamis, Negros Occidental, 
Ambos Camarines, Cagayan, and Iloilo. 

Sizes. — There is a reported maximum diameter of 45 inches (114 centimeters) and 
a maximum clear length of 24 feet (7.3 meters) for Molave in Tayabas. The tree is 
usually irregular in shape, with heavy large branches, a part of which may be utilized. 

Common names. — Spanish-Filipino, Molave; T., Molauin, Lanahan; V., Aguherao, 
Bongabon, Bulaon, Hamoraun, Mauraun, Tugas, Tuigan, Agubarao; II., Amugauan, 
Danigga, Sagad, Sagat; B., Amoraun, Hamuraon; Pamp., Bulaun, Bulauen; Neg., 
Yangal; Cag. and Isa., Amuganan; Surigao, Amuyaon (boards), Buyog-tongon (con- 
struction), Tugao. 

Remarks. — Vitex littoralis Decne. is the principal species from which Molave is 
obtained, though how much of the wood on the market comes from a closely related 
species, Vitex pubescens Vahl., is not known. (See "Sasalit.") 



Structural qualities. — The wood of Yacal is heavy, hard, strong, elastic, and quite 
durable. It breaks in long splinters. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Yacal has a dirty yellow color and is rather coarse 
but straight grained. ' 

Uses. — Yacal is used in general construction and in shipbuilding, and is particu- 
larly valuable for beams, on account of its stiffness and high modulus of rupture. 

Provinces leading in production. — Tayabas, Misamis, Surigao, and Cagayan. 

Sizes. — There is a reported maximum diameter of 33 inches (84 centimeters) and a 
maximum clear length of 52 feet (16 metei's) for Yacal from Tayabas. The tree attains 
sizes considerably larger than this in other provinces. One tree was measured at 
Santa Maria, Zamboanga, that had a diameter of 48 inches (122 centimeters). 

Common names. — T., Yacal, Dilao, Yacal puti, Papolongan, Saplungan; II., 
Taggay, Pangi, Banutan, Seggay, Paniggayen, Callot, Sallapugud; V., Linap; Pamp., 
Siacal; N. V., Banutan. 

Remarks. — The wood of Yacal is obtained from Hopea plagata Vid. ^Vhile it is very 
probable that other species are placed on the market as Yacal, yet it is not positively 
known what these species are. 



Structural qualities. — The wood of Narra is moderately heavy, moderately hard, 
very dvirable. and is seldom, if ever, attacked by the anay (white ant). It seasons well 
when properly treated and takes a fine finish. 

Appearance, color, and grain.— The heartwood of Narra is white, yellow, or red, 
and the sapwood nearly white. Tne grain is rather fine, but irregular, and very 
beautiful when quarter-sawn. 

Uses. — Narra is used principally for fine furniture, cabinetmaking, and intei'ior 
house trim. 

Provinces leading in production. — Cagayan, Mindoro, Tayabas, Albay, Isabela, and 
Sorsogon. 

Sizes. — On a coastal plain in Mindoro the average diameter of 137 trees 16 inches 
(40 centimeters) and over of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) is 29 inches (74 centi- 
meters). In a similar habitat in Baler, Tayabas, the average diameter of all Narra 
trees 8 inches (20 centimeters) and over, on 31 acres, is 25 inches (63 centimeters), 
the maximum diameter is 50 inches (127 centimeters), and the average clear length 
is 25 feet (7.6 meters). In southern Tayaba Narra has a recorded maximum diameter 
of 40 inches (101 centimeters) and a maximum clear length of 40 feet (12.2 meters). 

33581—07 3 



640 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 

Common names. — T., Narra, Asana; Pamp., Asana, Apalit, Daitanag; Cag., Tagga, 
Antangan, Taygat; Isa., Tagga, Antagan, Dungon (Calingan Igorot); B., Naga; V., 
Sangque. Narra; II. , Sangque, Magalayao. 

Remarics. — There are two well-known species of Narra, Pterocarpus indieus Willd. 
and P. echinatus Pers. Botanically there are a number of other species, but little, 
if any, wood on the market comes from these. 

Narra is divided commercially into two varieties, called Red and Yellow. So far 
as is known this division is not a specific one, but a difference due to the habitat in 
which the tree grows. Both species, Pterocarpus indieus and P. echinatus, have the 
red and yellow varieties. The red grows in the hilly country, near the streams gener- 
ally, and the yellow is found in the flats near the seacoast. 

Slabs are obtained from the buttresses of Narra, from which large one-piece table 
tops, are made. These are sometimes 6 feet and over in diameter. Narra wood is 
often finished in its. natural color and sometimes stained brown or dark red. 

TANGUILE. 

Structural qualities. — Tanguile is a light, moderately hard structural timber that 
varies considerably in quality. It is not durable in the ground or when exposed to the 
sun and rain. The heartwood of Tanguile is frequently unsound. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Tanguile is light reddish brown in color and is rather 
coarse grained. 

Uses. — The wood is used in light and medium grade construction and is highly prized 
for small boats. 

Provinces leading in production. — Surigao, Bataan, Cagavan, Cebu, Tayabas, and 
Bohol. 

Sizes. — See "Balacbacan" for size. 

Commonnames. — T., Tanguile, Tanguili, Panonsongin, Tangile, Tangili; V., Balac- 
bacan, Babanganon; II., Bunga, Tamug, Araca; B., Adamuy. 

Remarks. — Sliorea polysperma Merr. is the botanical name of Tanguile. There is 
very little doulit that a portion of the lumber that is put on the market as Balacbacan 
(see p. 644) is Tanguile., 

SACAT. 

Structural qualities. — Sacat is a moderately hea\'y and moderately hard wood. It is 
not very durable in the ground or when exposed to sun and rain. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Sacat is yellow and gray in color, and is coarse but 
straight grained. 

Uses. — Sacat is used in light construction. 

Provinces leading in production. — Pangasinan, Tarlac, Bulacan, and Pampanga. 

Common names. — T., Sacat, Pangsaquet; II., Saquet. 

Remarks. — The tree that yields the wood Sacat is Terwiinalia nitens Presl. Termi- 
nalia edulus Blanco (Calumpit) yields a wood very much like Sacat. 

IPIL. 

Structural qualities. — Ipil is moderately heavy to heavy, hard, strong, almost imper- 
vious to decay, and is seldom, if ever, attacked by the anay (white ant). 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Ipil is light yellow to dark brown in color. The grain 
is usually straight. It takes a beautiful clark-brown finish. 

Uses. — Ipil is used for general first-class construction, especially posts of houses; for 
sleepers, and for furniture and cabinetmaking. Sleepers made of this wood have been 
buried for more than ten years without showing any signs of decay; consequently, it 
is highly valued for railroad ties. 

Provinces leading in production. — Palawan, Cagayan, Mindoro, Masbate, and Ambos 
Camarines. 

Sizes. — On a coastal plain in Palawan the average diameter of 60 trees 18 inches (45 
centimeters) and over for Intsia bijuga is 24 inches (61 centimeters), and the average 
clear length of 20 trees is 29 feet (9 meters). 

Common names. — T., Ipil, Camantatali (Laguna), Taal; II., Sangay; V., Ipil; 
Guam, Ipil; Samoa, Ifi-lele; Pang., Obien, Ubien; Z., Nala. 

Remarks. — The principal species that yield the timber Ipil is Intsia bijuga 0. Kuntze. 
Intsia acuminata Merr., however, furnishes some of the wood, and the Ipil of Mindanao 
comes from a third unidentified species. 

DUNGON. 

Structural qualities. — Dungon is moderately heavy to heavy, strong, tough, durable, 
and very hard. It is difficult to work, is inclined to warp, and heart checks are 
numerous 



WOOD TESTS — SAWMILLS PKICES. 641 

Appearance, color, and grain. — ^Dungon has a chocolate-brown color and a fine, close 
grain. 

Uses. — Dungon is used in first-class construction where strength and durability are 
essential, in naval construction, and as piles and posts. It is also valued in construc- 
tion where bending by steaming is necessary, as for boat ribs. 

Provinces leading in production. — Ambos Camarines, Zambales, Abra, Nueva Vis- 
caya, Negros Occidental, and Masbate. 

Sizes. — There is a recorded maximum diameter of 34 inches (86 centimeters) and a 
clear length of 47 feet (14.3 meters) for Dungon found in Tayabas Province. 

Common names. — T., Dungon, Dongon, Dungol; II., Paronapin, Palogapig; Z., 
Palonapim, Palonapoy. 

Kemarhs. — The tree that yields Dungon is Tarrietia sylvatica Merr. This should not 
be confused with the wood known as Dungon-late {Heriticra littoralis Dry.), which 
grows near the upper limits of high tide. The Dungon of Mindanao is evidently 
another (unknown) species. (See tests in Tables I, II, and III.) 

MALASANTOL. 

Stnictural qualities. — Malasantol is a moderately heavy structural timber. It is 
moderately hard and fairly durable. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Malasantol is reddish brown in color, and straight but 
coarse grained. 

Uses. — Malasantol is used in general construction. 

Provinces leading in production. — Leyte, Pampanga, Pangasinan, and Bulacan. 

Coiximon names. — T., Malasantol; II., Panantalen. 

Remarks. — Sandoricum vidalii Merr. is the only tree that is known to yield the wood 
Malasantol. 

SUPA. 

Structural qualities. — Supa is a good structural timber, being heavy, hard, strong, 
and fairly durable. It is easily worked and seasons well. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Supa is yellow and brown in color and is fine grained. 

Uses. — Supa is used in general construction, in flooring, in interior house trim, and 
for furniture and cabinetmaking. 

Provinces leading in production. — Tayabas, Ambos Camarines, Union, Sorsogon, and 
Ilocos Sur. 

Sizes. — Near Baler, Tayabas, the average diameter of all trees 8 inches (20 centi- 
meters) and over, on 81 acres, is 15 inches (38 centimeters), the maximum diameter 
is 38 inches (97 centimeters), and the clear length is 40 feet (12.2 meters) for Manapo 
{Sindoi'a supa Merr.). 

Common names. — T., Malipaho, Supa, Yacal-dilao; B., Manapo; Cag., Paimo, 
Panalalian, Pancalian. 

Remarks. — The only species that is known to yield the timber called Supa is Sin- 
dora supa Merr. 

BALACAT. 

Striictural qualities. — Balacat is a moderately heavy, soft, inferior wood, which is 
not durable when exposed. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — This wood is white to light brown in color, and is 
coarse grained. 

Uses. — Balacat is used in light or temporary construction. 

Provinces leading in production. — Tarlac and Bulacan. 

Common names. — T., Ligaa; Pamp., Balacat. 

Remarks. — Zizyphus zonulatus Blanco is the only species that is known to yield the 
timber known as Balacat. Very little of it is now being used. 

MACAASIN. 

Structural qualities. — Macaasin is a good structural timber, being moderately heavy, 
hard, strong, and fairly durable. It seasons well. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Macaasin is brown in color and rather fine grained. 

Uses. — Macaasin is used in general construction; as flooring, joists, and rafters of 
houses, and in cabinetwork. 

Provinces leading in production. — Tayabas, Ambos Camarines, Sorsogon, Laguna, 
and Leyte. 

Common names. — T., Macaasin, Macasin, Macasim; B., Binolo; V., Saguimsim- 
lumbajon, Batuan. 

Remarks. — A number of species of Eugenia yield the wood known as Macaasin. 



642 FORESTKY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



CALANTAS. 



Structural qualities. — Calantas is moderately heavy, very soft, and not very strong, 
but is quite durable. It is easy to work and takes a good polish. It seasons well and 
is not inclined to shrink, warp, or check. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Calantas has a reddish color and is fine grained. 

Uses. — Calantas is highly valued for cigar boxes. It is also used for small boats; 
in furniture, cabinet and pattern making, and for carving. 

Provinces leading in production. — Mindoro, Ambos Cam^rines, Misamis, and Pan- 
gasinan. 

Sizes. — In Mindoro a recorded maximum diameter of 90 inches (228 centimeters) 
and a total height of 180 feet (55 meters) is given for Calantas. Few trees are found, 
however, that have a diameter of more than 60 inches (152 centimeters). The boles 
are usually straight and cylindrical. 

Common names. — T., Calantas; V., Lanigpa, Lanigda, Lanipga; B., Lanigpa, 
Lanigda; II., Catingin, Danipra, Porac; Pamp., Calantad. 

Remarks. — The specific name (or names) of the tree that produces the wood known 
as Calantas is not known. It is, however, known that one or more species of the 
genus Toona (Cedrela) yields this wood. The wood somewhat resembles the Red 
Cedar ( Juniperus) in color and odor. It is closed to the West Indian Cedrela odorata L. , 
the East Indian Cedrela toona Roxb., and the Australian Cedrela australis, both botanic- 
ally and in the structure and quality of the wood. The general name of Red Cedar 
is applied to all species of Cedrela. They are known in India under the general 
name of "Toon." 

TINDALO. 

Structural qualities. — The wood of Tindalo is heavy, hard, stiff, strong, and durable 
above ground. It is prized for beams because of its high modulus of rupture. It 
seasons well and breaks in long splinters. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Tindalo is yellowish red in color. It is fine and 
usually straight grained, but occasional pieces are found having the appearance of 
bird's-eye maple. It takes a beautiful finish. 

Uses. — Tindalo is highly valued for fine furniture and cabinetmaking. It is also 
used for construction purposes above ground. 

Provinces leading in production. — Masbate, Negros Occidental, Iloilo, Ambos Cama- 
rines, Rizal, and Pangasinan. 

Sizes. — In Baler, Tayabas, the average diameter of all trees of Pahudia rhomboidea 
Prain 8 inches (20 centimeters) and over, on 81 acres, is 12 inches (30 centimeters) 
and the maximum diameter is 24 inches (61 centimeters). The tree attains much 
larger sizes in other provinces. 

Commonnames. — T., Tindalo, Balayong, Tindolo; Cag., Magalayao; II., Magalayao, 
Uris; B., Barayon, Balayon, Baraya, Balayong; V., Barnion, Balayon, Barion, Balaon, 
Barayon; Pang., Ipel. 

Remarks. — Pahudia rhomboidea Prain (Afzelia rhomboidea Vid.) yields the wood 
known as Tindalo. 

AMUGUIS. 

StructuTal qualities. — Amuguis is a structiu-al wood of medium quality, being fairly 
strong, brittle, moderately heavy and hard. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Amuguis is reddish brown in color and is rather fine 
gi-ained. 

Uses. — Amuguis is used in ordinary construction and in cabinetwork. 

Provinces leading in production. — Ambos Camarines, Mindoro, Albay, Tayabas, 
Tarlac, and Masbate. 

Sizes. — On a coastal plain in Mindoro the average diameter of 185 trees of Koor- 
dersiodendron pinnatvm Merr. 16 inches (40 centimeters) and over is 25 inches (63 cen- 
timeters), and the average clear length of 10 trees is 33 feet (10 meters). In Baler, 
Tayabas, the average diameter of all trees of Amuguis, on 81 acres, 8 inches (20 centi- 
meters) and over is 13 inches (33 centimeters) and the maximum diameter is 31 inches 
(79 centimeters.) 

Common names. — T., Amuguis, Amoguis, Ambogues, Palosanto; V., Danguila, 
Sambaluyan, Amoguis, Ambogues, Muguis, Sambulauan, Calumanog; II., Bancalari; 
B., Carugcog; Neg.,Twi. 

Remarks. — Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr. is the only species that yields the 
wood Amuguis. 

ACLE. 

Structural qualities. — The wood of Acle is moderately heavy and hard, quite durable, 
and seasons well. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — This is one of the most beautiful Philippine woods. 
It has a rich dark- brown color and is fine grained. It resembles English walnut and 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 643 

is usually given a walnut finish. Whon plain sawn it presents a large irregular figure, 
but when quarter sawn the grain appears liner. 

Uses. — Acle is highly valued for line furniture and cabine'tmaking. Plain sawn 
lumber is preferable for large siuf aces and quarter sawn for small surfaces and panels. 
This wood is considered as good as walnut for gunstocks, but has not yet been used 
commercially for that piu'pose. 

Provinces leading in production. — Masbate, Zambales, Tayabas, Union, Cagayan, 
and Pangasinan. 

Sizes. — Acle is a tree with a short irregular bole. 

Commonnames. — T., Acle; II., Anaguep, Quitaquita; V., Tabalangi, Langit. 

Remarks. — Pithecolobium acle Vid. is the only tree that yields the wood known as 
Acle. 

BETIS. 

Structural qualities. — Betis is a high grade structural timber, being very hard, heavy, 
strong, and durable. It lasts well in the ground and is fairly resistant against the 
attack of sea worms (teredo). 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Betis is a light brown to purplish color and is very 
finegrained. 

Uses. — Betis is used in general high-grade construction, where strength and dura- 
bility are essential. It is used in shipbuilding and for piles and posts. 

Provinces leading in production. — Leyte, Ambos Camarines, Tayabas, Isabela, and 
Cagayan. 

Common names. — T., Betis, Pailan, Bayacao, Betes, Betis lalaque, Bitis; Cag., 
Pagpagan, Pailan, Pappagay; Pang., Bacayao; B., Baniti; V., Banicac; II., Bacayao. 

Remarks. — Illipe betis Merr. is the only tree that is known to yield the wood Betis. 

BANSALAGUIN. 

Structural qxialities. — Bansalaguin is a valuable structural timber, being very hard 
heavy, strong, brittle, and durable. Large sizes of it check somewhat in seasoning, 
and it is hard to saw. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Bansalaguin has a dull reddish color and is very fine 
grained. 

Uses. — Bansalaguin is a first-class construction timber and is used for posts, for ship- 
building, as tool handles, and in turnery. 

Provinces leading in production. — Tayabas, Uocos Sur, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Abra, 
and Masbate. 

Common names. — T., Bansalaguin, Bansaldgin, Bansaldgon, BansalAgue, Cabiqui, 
Pasac; V., Bansalague, Bansalogue, Talipopo; Z., Pasac; B., Bansalagui. 

Remarks. — Mimusops elengi L. is the only tree that is known to yield the wood Ban- 
salaguin. 

PALO MARIA. 

Structural qualities. — Palo Maria is a good construction timber; is hard, moderately 
heavy, and fairly strong and durable. It is inclined to warp slightly. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Palo Maria has a reddish color, is fine grained, and 
takes a beautiful finish. It has an irregular figure, which is caused by part of the 
fibers running perpendicular to the surface. 

Uses. — Palo Maria is used in general construction, for masts, and for hubs and turn- 
ery. It is very valuable for fine furniture. 

Provinces leading in production. — Ilocos Sur, Uocos Norte, Isabela, Pangasinan, 
and Mindoro. 

Common names. — Palo Maria de la Playa: T., Bitanhol, Bancalan, Dancalan, Ding- 
calin, Palo Maria, Palo Maria de la Playa, Tamauian; U., Bitog, Bitaog, Pamitaoguen, 
Pamitlaten, Bitaosy, Biroy, Vitog, Bansangal, Pamitlain, Pamitclaten, Sarumayer; 
Z., Bitoc, Birog, Bitaoi; Cag., Dancalan; V., Bitaog, Dancalan, Bitanghol, Pamita- 
ogon, Bitaob; Pamp., Bitaog, Palo Maria, Bitaob; B., Dancalan. Palo Maria del 
Monte: T., Batinan-amo. 

Remarks. — There are two species, used indiscriminately, that produce the wood 
known as Palo Maria, and which resemble each other very closely. Calophyllum 
inophyllum L. is known as Palo Maria de la Playa and grows only on the seacoast. 
Calophyllum wallichianum, PI. et Tr., found inland, is known as Palo Maria del Monte. 
The latter has a straighter grain and is not so beautiful as the former in finished work. 
Palo Maria del Monte, however, is more easily polished. 

baTitinan. 

Structural qualities. — Bitatinan is a structural timber of good quality, being hard, 
durable, and heavy. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Batitinan is light yellow to olive green in color and 
has a fine and straight grain. 



644 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 

Uses. — Batitinan is used in general construction and for posts and sleepers. 

Provinces leading in ^production. — Tayabas, Ilocos Sur, Ambos Camarines, Rizal, and 
Misamis. 

Common names. — T., Batitinan; B., Tinaan; II., Magatululung, Lasila, Bingas; V., 
Miao, Saguimsim ; Pamp., Batitian; Pang., Baticalag; province unknown, Nathubo, 
Lurdate, Bugaron, Mafiglate. 

Remarks. — The only species known to yield the timber called Batitinan is Lager- 
stroemia batitinan Vid. 

ARANGA. 

Structural qualities. — Aranga is very hard, heavy, strong, and durable. It is one of 
the most valuable woods in sea water, for it withstands well the action of the sea worm 
(teredo). It is usually clear and sound, and seasons without difficulty. 

Appearance, color, and grain, — Aranga is light yellow in color and fine grained. 

Uses. — Aranga is used as piling and in construction in sea water almost exclusively. 
It is, however, a very valuable timber for high grade construction. 

Provinces leading in production. — Ambos Camarines and Tayabas. 

Common names.-^T., Aranga, Arangan; V., Arang, Puyot, Ampupuyot; II., Arangin, 
Cuela. 

Remarks. — Homalium luzoniense F. Vill., //. panayanum F. Vill., and H. villarianum 
Vid. are the three species that probably yield the timber known as Aranga. H. pana- 
yanum is known among the Visayans as Puyot. 



Structural qualities. — Banuyo is moderately heavy and moderately hard, but is not 
very strong. It is easily worked. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — The wood of Banuyo is golden brown in color and has 
a fine grain, similar to that of Acle. It is often finished in its natural color and 
sometimes stained a dark brown and given an Acle finish. 

Uses. — Banuyo is used in making fine furniture and in cabinetwork. Its beauty is 
only beginning to be appreciated. It is used to some extent in light construction. 

Provinces leading in production. — Masbate, Negros Occidental, and Ambos Camarines. 

Common name. — T., Banuyo. 

Remarks. — The scientific name of the tree that yields the wood known as Banuyo is 
not known. 

BALACBACAN. 

Structural qualities. — Balacbacan is moderately heavy, very soft, and brittle. It 
seasons well and is easily worked. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Balacbacan is reddish brown in color and coarse 
grained. 

Uses. — Balacbacan is used in light or temporary construction and for inferior cabinet- 
work. 

Province leading in production. — Negros Occidental. 

Sizes. — In the island of Negros the average diameter of 620 trees 16 inches (40 centi- 
meters) and over is 27 inches (69 centimeters), and the average merchantable length 
of 6 trees is 69 feet (21 meters) for Balacbacan or Tanguile {Shoi'ea polysperma Merr.). 
In the same stand, for the tree known as Mangachapuy (see below) measurement of 
1,142 trees 16 inches (40 centimeters) and over shows the average diameter to be 34 
inches (86 centimeters), and the merchantable length (average of 23 trees) is 72 feet 
(22 meters). 

Commonnames. — T., Tanguile, Panonsongin, Tangili, Tanguili, Tangile; II., Bunga, 
Tamug, Araca; V., Balacbacan, Mangachapuy, Babanganon; B., Adamuy. 

Remarks. — The wood that is sold on the market for Balacbacan comes from two 
species of Shorea. A small portion of it comes from Shorea polysperma Merr., and is 
known by the Visayan name of Balacbacan. The larger portion of it, however, comes 
from a tree known by the Visayans as Mangachapuy, which is an unidentified species 
of Shorea. Both woods have also the common name of Tanguile (see p. 640) and Red 
Lauan. 

MAYAPIS. 

Structural qualities. — Mayapis is a light, soft wood and is not durable. 
Appearance, color, and grain. — Mayapis is white and gray in color and coarse grained. 
Uses. — Mayapis is used in light or temporary construction. 
Provinces leading m production. — Laguna, Tayabas, Bataan, and Cagayan. 
Sizes. — In Baler, Tayabas, measurements of all trees 8 inches (20 centimeters) and 
over in diameter, on 31 acres, show that Mayapis has an average diameter of 26 inches 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES, 645 

(66 centimeters), a maximum diameter of 75 inches (190 centimeters), and an average 
merchantable length of 68 feet (21 meters). 

Common name. — T., Mayapis. 

Remarks. — The tree that yields most of the lumber known as Mayapis is probably 
Anisoptera vidaliana Brandis, though other species of Anisoptera and some species of 
Shorea are known as Mayapis. 

MALUGAY. 

Structural qualities. — The most important property of Malugay is toughness, a qual- 
ity quite uncommon among Philippine woods. It bends well when steamed, is fairly 
strong and stiff, and has long fibers. It is moderately heavy and moderately hard, 
but easily worked. It is usually free from defects and shrinks considerably while 
seasoning, but does not check badly. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Malugay ranges in color from reddish to white and is 
fine grained. 

Uses. — Malugay is used for ribs and planking for small boats; in interior trim; for 
cabinetwork, and for general construction. 

Provinces leading in production. — Malugay is abundant in Mindoro but is not mar- 
keted from other parts of the Archipelago.. 

Common nam^. — T., Malugay. 

Remarks. — This wood has only recently been introduced into the Manila market 
and at present is not used extensively. It is an excellent wood in many respects and 
will undoubtedly come into greater favor. The scientific name of the tree that yields 
Mal\igay is not as yet known. From imperfect botanical material it is known to be a 
member of the Anacardiacex, and probably belongs to the genus Dracontomelum. 



Structural qualities. — Sasalit is a very hard, heavy, close-grained, and durable wood. 
Small knots and checks are quite common. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — It has the color of Molave — that is, a pale-yellow 
color — and is fine grained. 

Uses. — Sasalit is used for posts, general house construction, and is considered as good 
as Molave for these purposes. 

Provinces leading in production. — Zambales, Bataan, and Negros Occidental. 

Sizes. — In the island of Negros the average diameter of 173 trees 12 inches (30 centi- 
meters) and over of Dungula {Vitex aherniana Merr.) is 15 inches (37 centimeters). 
In Baler, Tayabas, the average of all trees of Igang ( Vitex aherniana) 8 inches (20 centi- 
meters) and over, on 81 acres, is 12 inches (30 centimeters), the maximum diameter is 
38 inches (96 centimeters), and the clear length is 33 feet (10 meters). 

Commonnames. — Z., Sasalit; Baler, Tayabas, Igang; V., Dungula. 

Remarks. — The tree that yields the tim1:)er known as Sasalit is Vitex aherniana Merr. 
It is a wood very similar to Molave in quality, but trees of it do not reach very large 
dimensions. 



Structural qualities. — Liusin is a very hard, heavy, strong, and durable wood. It 
withstands well the action of the sea worm (teredo). 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Liusin is white and reddish in color, and is fine grained. 

Uses. — Liusin is used in piling, for wharf construction, and for shipbuilding. It is 
considered one of the best woods for construction exposed to sea water. 

Provinces leading in production. — Bataan and Zambales. 

Common names. — T., Liusin; V., Sampinit. 

Remarks. — The only tree that is known to yield Liusin is Parinarium griffithianum 
Benth. 

LUMBAYAO. 

Structural qualities. — Lumbayao is a soft and moderately heavy wood of medium 
quality. It seasons well and is usually free from defects. 

Appearance, color, and grain. — Lumbayao has a reddish-brown color and is coarse 
grained. 

Uses. — Lumbayao is used in general construction. 

Province leading in production. — Moro. 

Remarks. — This wood is marketed in Zamboanga, Iloilo, and Cebu, but is not brought 
to Manila. The scientific name of the tree that yields the wood is unknown. 



646 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



Table IV. — Summary of mechanical tests on thirty-two species of American woods. 

[From Tables I, II, IV, V, and VI, Circular No. 15, Division of Forestry, United States Department of 

Agriculture.] 



Kind of wood. 


Specific 
gravity 
of dry 
wood. 


Fiber 
stress at 
relative 
(appar- 
ent) elas- 
tic limit 
(pounds 

per 
square 
inch). 


Modules 
of rup- 
ture 
(pounds 

per 
square 
inch) . 


Modulus 
of elas- 
ticity 
(1,000 
po'unds 

per 
square 
inch) . 


.Stress at 
rupture 

com- 
pression 

along 

the grain 

(pounds 

per 

square 

inch) . 


Stress at 
rupture 
shearing 

along 
the grain; 

not re- 
duced for 
moisture 
(pounds 
per 

square 

inch) . 


Reduced to 15 per cent moisture. 


O.Gl 
.63 
.51 
.53 

.38 
.50 
.44 
.46 
.37 
.51 
.80 
.74 
.80 
.74 
.73 
.73 
.72 
.73 
.72 
.73 
.81 
.85 
.73 
.77 
.78 
.78 
.89 
.54 
.74 
.62 
.62 
.59 


8,500 
9,500 
7,200 
8,200 

0,400 
7,700 
8,400 
6,600 
5,800 
6,400 
9,600 
7,500 
8,400 
7,600 
9,200 
9,400 
8,100 
8,800 
7,400 
8,600 
11,200 
11,700 
9,800 
11,100 
9,300 
11,500 
12,600 
7,300 
8,000 
7,900 
8,900 
7.800 


10,900 
11,900 
9,200 
10,100 

7,900 
9,100 
10,000 
7.900 
6,300 
7,900 
13, 100 
11,300 
12, 300 
11,500 
11,400 
13, 100 
10,800 
12,400 
10, 400 
12,000 
16,000 
15,200 
12,500 
15,000 
12,500 
15,300 
18, 700 
10,.S00 
13, 500 
10, 800 
11,600 
9,500 


1,890 
2,300 
1,600 
1,950 

1,390 
1,620 
1,640 
1,290 
910 
1,680 
2,090 
1,620 
2,030 
1,610 
1,970 
1,860 
1,740 
2,000 
1,750 
1,930 
2,390 
2,. 320 
2,080 
2,280 
1,940 
2,530 
2,730 
1,540 
1,700 
1,640 
2,050 
1,700 


6,900 
7,SO0 
5,900 
6,500 

5,400 
6,700 
7,300 
6,000 
5,200 
5,700 
8,500 
7,300 
7,100 
7,400 
7,200 
8,100 
7,300 
7,800 
7,200 
7,700 
9,500 

10, 100 
8, 400 
9,600 
8,800 
9,100 

10,900 
6,500 
8,000 
7,200 
8,000 
7,100 


700 




700 


Shortleaf Pine 


700 




700 


Reduced to 12 per cent moisture. 
White Pine 


400 


Red Pine 


500 




800 




500 


White Cedar . 


400 




500 


White Oak 


1,000 




1,000 


Post Oak 


1,100 




900 


Red Oak 


1,100 




900 


Yellow Oak 


1,100 


Water Oak 


1,100 


Willow Oak 


900 




900 




1,100 




1,100 




1,000 




1,000 




1,100 




1,200 


Pignut Hickory 


1,200 


White Elm 


800 




1,300 


White Ash 


1,100 




1,000 


Sweet Gum 


800 







a Actual tests on "dry" material not reduced for moisture. 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 



647 



Table V. — Results of tests on thirteen Borneo woods. 



Kind of wood. 



Selangan Batu (Bor- 
neo Yaeal) 

Penagah 

Merabau ( Borneo Ipil) 

Camphor 

Billian (Ironwood) 

Kruen 

Seraiah Mira (Borneo 
Cedar) 

Seraiah Puleh 

Selangan Kacha 

ObaSuluk 

Rungus (Borneo Rose- 
wood) 

Gagil 

Griting (Borneo Oak).. 



Num- 
ber of 
beams 
tested. 



Average 
per cent 
of mois- 
ture. 



27.6 

11.6 

21 

21.2 

22.5 

22.7 

16.2 
28.1 
27.4 
18.1 

28.6 
31.6 
25.7 



Average 
specific 
gi-avity 
of dry 
wood. 



0.689 
.594 
.965 
.61 
.96 
.542 

.507 
.493 
.,563 
.582 

.55 
.43 
.706 



Average 
fiber 
stress 
at ap- 
parent 
elastic 
limit 

(pounds 

per 
square 
jnch). 



7,700 
5,875 



Average 
modulus 
of rup- 
ture 
(pounds 

per 
square 
inch). 



8,700 
8,070 
11,860 



Average 
modulus 
of elas- 
ticity 
(1,000 
pounds 

per 
square 
inch). 



2,027 
1,140 
2,505 
1,900 
2,384 
1,604 

1,299 
1,554 
1,731 
1,283 

1,890 
1,385 
1,586 



Average 
stress at 
rupture 

com- 
pression 
along 
grain 
(pounds 

per 
square 
inch) . 



Average 

stress at 

rupture 

shearing 

along 

grain 

j (pounds 

per 

square 

inch) . 



7,420 
6,020 
9,035 
6,540 
11,290 
4,840 

4,920 
5, 195 
6,530 
5,270 

5,555 
4,960 
7,590 



755 
880 
1,030 
557 
895 
653 

614 
547 
612 
840 

633 
715 
906 



Note. — All beams were clear and sound. 

Table VI. — Comparison of selected Philippine, Borneo, and American u'oods. 



Name. 



Locality. 



Compression, 
along the grain. 



Aver- 
age 
per 
cent 
mois- 
ture. 



Average 
stress at 
rupture 
(pounds 

per 
square 
inch) . 



Cross-bending. 



Aver- 
age 
per 
cent 
mois- 
ture. 



Average 
modulus 
of rup- 
ture 
(pounds 

per 

square 

inchK 



Average 
modulus 
of elas- 
ticity 
(1,000 
pounds 

per 
square 
inch) . 



Aver- 
age 

specific 

grav- 
ity 

of dry 
wood. 



Iron- 



Aranga 

Billian (Borneo 

wood). 

Pignut Hickory 

Dungon " 

Yacal 

Merabau (Borneo Ipil)... 

White Oak 

Molave 

Guijo 

Selangan Batu (Borneo 

Yacal). 

Apitong 

Longleaf Pine 

Ipil 

Lauan 

Oregon Pine 

California Redwood 



Philippine Islands. 
Borneo 



United States 

Philippine Islands. 

do ■ 

Borneo 

United States 

Philippine Islands. 

do 

Borneo 



Philippine Islands. 

United States 

Philippine Islands. 

do 

United States 

do 



4.9 
22.5 

12 

10.7 

1.3.4 

21 

12 

12.7 

14.6 

27.6 

14.4 

15 

17.7 

12.4 

12 

13.3 



12,420 
11,290 

10,900 
9,420 
9,220 
9,035 
8,500 
8,330 
7,940 
7,420 

7,250 
6,900 
6,570 
6,180 
5,700 
5,560 



5.6 
22.5 

12 

11.6 

15.6 

21 

12 

10.4 

13.7 

27.6 

14 

15 

18.1 

10.4 

12 

12.3 



17,920 
19,660 

18,700 
17,110 
15,690 
18,830 
13,100 
8,580 
15,150 
12,325 

11,620 
10,900 
6,980 
9,760 
7,900 
9,110 



2,419 
2,384 

2,730 
2,209 
2,583 
2,505 
2,090 
1,614 
2,158 
2,027 

2,144 
1,890 
1,,383 
1,653 
1,680 
1,320 



0.859 



.78 

.857 

.843 

.965 

.80 

.785 

.708 

.689 

.645 
.61 
.792 
.446 
.51 
445 



Part II. 



PHILIPPINE SAWMILLS, LUMBER MARKET, AND PRICES. 

Manila is the principal lumber market of the Philippine Islands. Here are located 
five of the most important mills. Timber is being shipped to them from all parts of 
the islands. Three of these mills are equipped with heavy band saws and other 
modern machinery. The other mills are equipped with vertical gang and circular 
saws. The combined sawing capacity of the five mills is about 100,000 board-feet per 
day. One mill has a capacity of 30,000 board-feet, two of 20,000 board-feet, and two of 
15,000 board-feet per day. 

During the early operations of the mills in Manila they had to contend with numerous 
difficulties; Filipino labor was unreliable; many of the hard woods were difficult to 
saw, and it was impossible to secure a sufficient supply of logs from the provinces with 
regularity. Conditions have improved, however, during the past two years, and the 



648 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 4. 



. mills are now operating in a very satisfactory manner. They now saw all commercial 
woods without difficulty, and are depending more and more upon their own cuttings 
to supply logs to meet their requirements. With proper training, Filipinos are found 
to be apt in handling machinery. Two of the mills have recently been running at 
night to fill orders. 

Some confusion exists in the market regarding the identity of a few of the leading 
commercial woods. This is especially true of Lauan. At least six different woods 
are now being marketed under that name. From the commercial standpoint this is 
not important, however, as all of these woods resemble the true Lauan {Shorea conlorta) 
closely and are of about the same quality. There are several different kinds of wood 
being sold for Apitong, and occasionally Apitong is sold for Guijo. Lauan, Apitong, 
and Guijo are used to a larger extent than any other fifteen native woods. 

Logs are bought and sold by the Spanish cubic foot. One Spanish cubic foot equals 
0.765 of an English cubic foot. Lumber is bought and sold by the thousand English 
board-feet. 

In sawing the average-sized logs that are brought into the market, between 5 and 6^ 
board-feet are obtained from 1 Spanish cubic foot, but in the large-sized logs sometimes 
as high as 8 board-feet are cut from 1 Spanish cubic foot. 

Until quite recently it has been practically impossible to obtain well-seasoned 
lumber in the market. The mills have been accustomed to sawing to order; conse- 
quently lumber was seldom in the yards a sufficient length of time to become seasoned. 
There were no facilities for kiln drying lumber in large quantities. Two small kilns 
were erected several years ago, but they were of small capacity and have not been used 
extensively. One of the leading mills has recently installed a kiln of about 50,000 
board-feet capacity, which is operating veiy satisfactorily. This kiln is capable of 
drying 100,000 board-feet or more of native lumber per month, the amount depending 
upon the texture and thickness of the lumber. This concern is now usiftg kiln-dried 
native lumber in its cabinet factory and is preparing to kiln dry Oregon Pine and Cal- 
ifronia Redwood for use in its planing mill. 

A considerable amount of imported lumber is still used in the islands. Most of this 
is Oregon Pine and California Redwood. During the period from July 1, 1904, to June 
30, 1905, 29,679,644 board-feet of lumber and timber, and 9,261 pieces of timber (dimen- 
sions not known) were imported. During the same period 139,148.77 cubic meters of 
native timber were cut. If this were all sawn into lumber it would make about 
40,000,000 board-feet. 

The price of logs fluctuates from day to day. The following table gives the Manila 
market prices on August 1, 1906. 

Manila market prices. 
[Philippine currency.] 



Kind of wood. 


Logs per 

Spanish 

cubic foot. 


Sawing per 
1,000 English 
board-feet. 


Lumber per 
1,000 English 
board-feet. 


Lauan 


P-0.30-0.35 
.35- .37 
.50- .65 
.80- .90 
.65-1.00 
.70- .80 
.75-1.00 
.33- .45 
.40- .75 
.76- .85 
.80- .90 
.65- .70 
.40 
.40- .75 
.65-1.20 
.78-1.00 
.40- .75 
.85-1.20 
.70-1.00 
.45- .85 
.75- .80 
.65- .75 
.50- .75 
.55- 75 
.60- .65 
.35 
.35 


ri3. 00-15. 00 
16.00-18.00 
16.00-18.00 
21.00-23.00 
21.00-23.00 
16.00-23.00 
16.00-23.00 
13.00-18.00 
15.00-18.00 
21.00-23.00 
38.00-40.00 
21.00-23.00 

18.00 
15.00-18.00 
13.00-15.00 
21.00-23.00 
18.00-21.00 
16.00-23.00 
38.00-40.00 
. 23.00 

18.00 
21.00-23.00 
21.00-23.00 
16.00-18.00 
16.00-23.00 
13.00-18.00 

15 00 


P70.00- 90.00 


Apitong . . 


90.00-115.00 


Guijo 


98.00-140.00 


Molave . . 


215.00-300.00 


Yacal 


160.00-200.00 


Yellow Narra 


225. 00-275. 00 


Red Narra 


250. 00-300. 00 


Tanguile 


95. 00-120. 00 


Sacat 


100.00-150.00 


Ipil 


180. 00-225. 00 


Dungon 


220. 00-300. 00 


Supa 


140. 00-220. 00 


Balacat 


100.00 


Macaasin 


110.00-150.00 


Calantas 


180. 00-200. 00 


Tindalo 


250. 00-300. 00 


Amuguis .. . 


110.00-150.00 


Acle 


280.00-350.00 


Betis . ... 


250.00-300.00 


Bansalaguin 


150. 00-260. 00 


Palo Maria 


175.00-185.00 


Batitinan 


150. 00-280. 00 


Aranga 


150.00-160.00 


Banuyo 


140.00-220.00 


Malugay 


95.00-130.00 


Balacbacan 


70.00- 90.00 


Mayapis 


90.00 







The government stumpage charges in the provinces where large stands of timt ^r are found range 
irom $1 to $5 gold per 1,000 board-feet. 



WOOD TESTS SAWMILLS PRICES. 649 

Aside from the logging Avhich is carried on to supply the Manila mills, there is some 
logging in connection with mills located in the provinces. 

The operations of one company in Negros Occidental are probably more extensive 
than those of any other company in the provinces. Their mill has a capacity of about 
20,000 board feet per day, but the daily cut is less than 10,000 board feet. The trees 
known by the Visayan names of Balacbacan, Mangachapuy, and Almon are being cut 
principally; the first two are sold in Iloilo and Manila as Red Lauan or Balacbacan. 
Almon has the market name of White Lauan. This company has recently purchased 
a narrow-gauge railway for use in logging and contemplates putting in a new mill, with 
a much larger capacity, in the near future. Another company has a mill located on 
the island of Basilan, which is cutting about 6,000 board feet of lumber per day. This 
lumber is marketed in Zamboanga, Iloilo, and Cebu. The Zamboanga prices quoted 
by this company are as follows: 

Per 1,000 board-feet. 

Lumbayao ^72. 00 

Guijo 80. 00 

Calantas 80. 00 

Yacal 140. 00 

Camagon 300. 00 

Tindalo 180. 00 

Ipil 180. 00 

Lauan 50. 00 

Narra 200.00 

Planing, F7 extra per 1,000 board-feet. 

Another company, a l^ranch of a Manila milling company, has recently installed in 
Mindoro a circular-saw mill, with a capacity of 5,000 to 10,000 board-feet per day. In 
the near future this company will have the mill operating at full capacity and will 
ship lumber to Manila. 

Near Baguio, Benguet, there is a mill for sawing Benguet pine, which sells in Baguio 
and vicinity for ^"85 to ^"95 per 1,000 board-feet. The maximum capacity of the mill 
is 3,000 board-feet per day, and the average daily cut is 2,000 board-feet. In the near 
future this company will have a new sawmill in operation in the same locality. 

A small mill has recently been installed at Gattaran, Cagayan, which supplies Aparri 
and the towns up the Cagayan River with lumber. This mill charges P'O.SO per Eng- 
lish cubic foot for Ih-st-group timber in the log, and ^"20 per 1,000 board-feet for sawing. 

About 2,500 board-feet per day is the capacity of a mill which is cutting Agoho ( Casu- 
arina equisetifolia Forst.) almost exclusively at San Antonio, in the province of Tarlac. 
This is put on the market at Manila for P'lOO per 1,000 board-feet. 



BUREAU OF FORESTRY. 

(Bulletin No. 5.) 

A PRELIMINARY WORKING PLAN FOR THE PUBLIC FOREST TRACT OF THE 
INSULAR LUMBER COMPANY, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, P. I.a 

By H. D. Eve RETT, /oresie/', in charge of forest district No. 8, and H. N. Whitford, Ph. D. 
forester, chief of the division of forest products. 

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 

Manila, September 24, 1906. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a manuscript entitled "A Preliminary- 
Working Plan for the Public Forest Tract of the Insular Lumber Company, Negros 
Occidental, P. I.." by H. D. Everett, forester, in charge of forest district No. 8, and 
H. N. Whitford, forester, chief of the division of forest products, and respectfully 
recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 5. 

Very respectfully, George P. Ahern, 



The Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. I. 

INTRODUCTION. 



Director of Forestry. 



The following working plan has been prepared: 

First. To furnish a prescribed plan for the regulation and management of the large 
tract of public forest in the island of Negros granted to the Insular Lumber Company 
for a period of twenty years. 

Second. To secure accurate information concerning the timber of an important forest 
region of the Philippine Islands. 

Third. To give the native rangers employed in the bureau of forestry needed training 
in forest field work. 

Field work was begun May 1, 1906, and completed June 15, 1906. Two foresters, 
one assistant forester, three native rangers, and a constantly changing force of six to 
fifteen laborers were engaged in the work. Owing to the short time available for the 
field work, some interesting information was not secured which would add to the com- 
pleteness and detail of the report. 

The field work divided itself into three parts: First, forest map; second, botanical 
survey; third, collection of data for forest management. 

There were made 135 acres of valuation surveys of standing timber, 15 reproduction 
plots, volume measurements of 57 felled trees, measurement of area logged, valuation 
surveys in logged area, sylvicultural studies of the principal species, a study of the 
logging operation, collection of log specimens of the principal species, and a general 
botanical collection of trees and other plants growing on the tract. 

Two base lines were run through the concession 8 kilometers long and 5 kilometers 
apart, with stations marked every one-half kilometer. Then from each kilometer 

a The following illustrations accompanying this report have been omitted and are 
on file in the War Department: 

Plate I. Cutting alargeAlmon tree. (Frontispiece.) II. Mangachapuy seedlings 
in the forest. III. Clearing on logged land. IV. Characteristic caiiigins under rude 
cultivation. V. Hauling engine at the landing. VI. Bridge on the hauling road. 
VII. Yarding engine at the end of the hauling road. VIII. Cutting up a large Man- 
gachapuy tree. IX. Forest in good condition after logging. X. Forest in poor condi- 
tion after logging. XI. General view of the sawmill site. XII. Sawmill of the Insular 
Lumber Company. 

Map of the forest tract on the Himugaan River, Negros Occidental, P. I., operated 
under a twenty-year license agreement by the Insular Lumber Company. 

651 



652 FORESTKY BULLETIN NO. 5. 

station, valuation survey lines were run east and west of the base line. The trees 5 
meters, or 1 rod, each side of these survey lines were calipered as nearly as possible 
at the point just above the main buttresses. In this manner about 29 per cent of the 
total area of the tract was surveyed with the actual measurement of the trees on 1 per 
cent of this area. The figures for stand of timber in the report are based on this measure- 
ment. Since the merchantable forest on the tract is remarkably uniform in composi- 
tion and density, it is believed that the figures can be applied to the entire area of 
upland or merchantable forest. However, it is better to -confine their application to 
the area lying between the Himugaan and Hitalon rivers, where the surveys were made. 
This working plan is provisional only and should be revised as soon as complete data 
in regard to the tract is secured. It will serve as a guide for the next few years, while 
the Insular Lumber Company is initiating extensive operations. As much field work 
as possible should be done on the tract each year, with the revision of the plan in mind. 



Part I. 
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS UPON WHICH THE WORKING PLAN IS BASED. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACT. 
SITUATION AND AREA. 

The tract of the Insular Lumber Company is situated in the municipalities of 
Cadiz and Sagay, province of Negros Occidental, island of Negros, P. I., approxi- 
mately in latitude 10° 50^ north and longitude 123° 30' east of Greenwich. Its area 
is 69 square miles, or 44,160 acres (18,000 hectares), of which approximately 39,660 
acres (16,060 hectares) are forested and the remaining 4,500 acres cultivated, waste 
land, and recent clearings. The tract lies on the lower slopes of Mount Silay, just 
back of the coastal strip of sugar lands, here about 6 miles wide, and consists of two 
adjoining parts, the upper and smaller of which lies to the south of the lower along 
the Himugaan River. It is a part of the large and similar forest which extends 
from Escalante to Silay, some 50 miles, lying 6 to 15 miles back from the coast and 
extending far into the interior. In some places, as on the Himugaan River, it occupies 
rolling and hilly lands, and in others, as near Silay, it has been driven back to the 
steep foothills. 

BOUNDARIES. 

Lower tract. — Beginning at a point on the left bank of the Himugaan River, at the 
mouth of Lumbunao Creek, about 6 miles south of the coast line; thence the bound- 
aries run east-southeast for about 6 miles to a point 1 mile due south of Baobao Hill ; 
thence south-southwest 5 miles; thence west- northwest 12 miles; thence north-north- 
east 5 miles; thence east-southeast 6 miles to the starting point; in all, an area of 60 
square miles. 

Upper tract. — Beginning at a point on the southern boundary of the lower tract, 
IJ miles east-southeast of the Himugaan River, the boundaries run south-southwest 
Smiles; thence west-northwest 3 miles; thence north-northeast, 3 miles; thence east- 
southeast along the southern boundary of the lower tract to the starting point; in all, 
an area of 9 square miles. 

The boundary lines are not marked in any way. They are bordered by dense 
forest on the east, south, and west, and by alternating patches of forest, waste land, 
and cultivated land on the north. 

PHYSIOGRAPHY. 

The land is characterized by gentle slopes, with alternating ridges at the base of 
Mount Silay. The elevation ranges from 100 feet at points on the northern boundary 
to 1,200 feet at the highest point on the southern boundary. Small streams and 
arroyos are scattered profusely over the tract. 

Four large rivers drain the tract and small tributary streams are numerous. The 
Himugaan River, flowing in a deep, winding valley through the middle, drains about 
65 per cent of the area. It is the largest of the four rivers and is navigable by small 
steamers as far as the company's sawmill, about 6 miles from its mouth. The Hitalon 
and Talabon rivers drain the extreme western and the Tanoa River the eastern parts 
of the tract. 



WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 



653 



SOIL AND UNDERLYING ROCK. 

The rock and soil are practically uniform throughout the tract. The former is a 
black igneous rock, which rapidly disintegrates, forming a deep, stiff clay soil, brown 
in color. The soil is evidently fertile, as it yields good crops of corn and sugar cane 
where it is now under cultivation. The rock outcrops along the streams and frequently 
occurs as bowlders on the surface of the ground. 



The climate of this region is tropical. Extreme heat, however, is moderated by 
the influence of the surrounding waters and by the cool sea breezes, which blow almost 
constantly. These are the northeast monsoon, which prevails from about June to 
November 1, and the southwest monsoon, from November 1 to June 1, with short 
periods of variable winds at the times when the monsoons change. The coolest time 
of year is from November to March, and the hottest from March to June. The follow- 
ing table gives the average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures for 1903 
at Bacolod, Negros Occidental. They are probably slightly higher than they should 
be for the immediate neighborhood of the tract. 

Table I. — Temperature at Bacolod, Negros Occidental, 1903. 



Monrt. 



Januarj'- 
February 
March . . . 

April 

May 

June 



Average 


monthly tem- 


perature. 


Maxi- 


Mini- 


mum. 


mum. 


°F. 


°F. 


86 


72.6 


85.6 


71.8 


88.5 


70.5 


91.6 


73 


91.8 


74.6 


88.8 


74.6 



Month. 



July 

August . . . 
September 
October. .. 
November 
December. 



Average 
monthly tem- 
perature. 



Maxi- Mini- 
mum, mum. 



°F. 
73.8 
73.2 
73.2 
73.4 
73.8 
73.2 



There are two general seasons, wet and dry. From January 15 to May 15 the weather 
is dry, although showers are often frequent during the latter part of January and the 
beginning of May. From May 15 to January 15 it is generally wet, with the greatest 
amount of rainfall in July, September, and October. The following table of monthly 
rainfall in Bacolod, Negros Occidental, and in Iloilo, Iloilo, is applicable in a general 
way to this tract, although it is important to remember that the northeast monsoon, 
bearing rain at the time most needed, strikes with more force on the north and north- 
east coast of Negros, where the tract is situated, than at Bacolod or Iloilo, and hence 
the dry season is probably considerably less pronounced than it is at Bacolod. The 
vegetation is, in consequence, much more luxuriant than in parts of the islands where 
the dry season is more extended . In the forest in question the trees are not without 
leaves at any time of the year. In other words, it is a typical evergreen tropical forest. 

Table II. — Rainfall. 



Month. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Total (millimeters) 
Total (inches) 



Iloilo, Iloilo. 



1903. 



mm. 

5.5 

1.5 

3.3 

4.8 

165.6 

244.3 

427 

186.2 

146.3 

245.6 

124.5 

528.3 



2,082.9 
82 



1905. 



2.8 
8.9 


32.4 
60.7 
175.8 
603.1 
277.5 
148.8 
342.8 
60.6 



1,761.4 
69 



Bacolod, Negros 
Occidental. 



mm. 

51.3 

13 

6.3 

2.8 

91.3 

178.1 

334.6 

200.2 

298.4 

223.3 

149.7 

429.2 



1,978.2 
78 



mm. 

31.4 

3.1 

1.6 

1.1 

112.1 

145.9 

388.7 

425.5 

227. 6 

362.5 

165.5 

158.7 



2,023.7 



654 FORESTKY BULLETIN NO. 5. 

ROADS AND TRAILS. 

The tract is crossed by numerous foot and carabao trails, generally running in a north 
and south direction. They are used for the transport of bejuco and poles from the 
forest, and should be useful in the management and protection of the tract. Outside 
of the forest they unite with the main trails or roads leading to the towns and barios on 
the coast. These are uniformly bad foot and horse trails, almost impassable in the 
rainy season. 

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

The Filipinos of the region are Visayans, who live on the cleared land along the coast 
but seldom in the forest, and a few roaming families of Negritos in the interior. About 
forty-five Visayan families, exclusive of the employees of the company, live within 
the tract, nearly all of whom are in its northwest corner and in the valley of the Himu- 
gaan River. They live on small farms, or caiiigins, 5 to 50 acres in area, on which they 
grow corn, tobacco, and camotes. Generally they are also collectors of bejucos, which 
they sell in the neighboring sugar haciendas or in the coast towns. 

The chief occupations of the people of the costal strip of cleared land are fishing and 
farming. The principal agricultural products are sugar, corn, and tobacco. Sugar is 
grown on large estates, or haciendas, and requires considerable capital for its cultiva- 
tion. Corn and tobacco are mostly grown by the poorer people on small farms or caiii- 
gins. Owing to losses during the revolution and insurrection and to the destructive 
epidemic among the draft animals, many farms are abandoned at the present time. 
Nevertheless, the country is well settled. The municipality of Cadiz had a popula- 
tion of 16,429 and Sagay of 8,311 persons by the census of 1903. In general intelli- 
gence and industry the population is equal to that of any other agricultural region in 
the islands. 

The forest needs of the population are limited. The mangrove swamps on the coast 
supply most of the necessary firewood and small timbers. From the mountain forest 
they gather bejucos, vines, resins, palm leaves, small poles, and a few large trees, 
from which they shape their bancas, or dugouts. For their legitimate personal needs ^ 
which should be satisfied, an insignificant amount of forest products is required from 
the tract. 

OWNERSHIP OF THE LAND. 

The timbered area of the tract, comprising 39,660 acres, is public land. All of the 
remaining 4,500 acres of cultivated and waste lands are either owned or claimed by 
private persons. Their titles, or claims, are based principally on possession. In no 
known case has any title to this land been registered in the court of land registration. 
However, the claim should be recognized as far as possible and all residents left in 
possession of the land which they now occupy. 

THE COMPOSITION AND CONDITION OF THE FOREST. 
CHARACTERISTIC TYPES. 

On the tract there are three characteristic vegetative types. They are as follows: 
Waste-land type, river-valley forest type, and upland forest type. The two latter are 
natural; the first is the result of clearings made in the forest types. 

Waste-land type. — In the Philippines the vegetation that occupies clearings or par- 
tial clearings has the general Tagalog name of '' parang. "« The kind of woody vege- 
tation that springs up quickly in clearings is known by the Tagalogs as "calaanan" 
and by the Visayans as "late," and is merely a subtype of the "parang." The 
"parang," or waste-land type, together with a small amount of cultivated land, com- 
prises about 4,500 acres. A greater p^irt of this is occupied by the "late," the vegeta- 
tion of which is composed of quick-growing weed trees that have little or no value. 
The following species are the most characteristic: Trema amboinensis Blume (Jan- 
agdon), Psidium guayava L. (Bayabas), Homalanthus popiilneus Pax. (Balanti), Mal- 
lotus ncinoides " Muell. (Himlaamo), Breynia rhamnoides Muell. (Tulugtulug), Ficus 
hauili Blanco (Labnug), Musa sp. (Wild hemp), and many others. This type is only 
temporary and if protected from fire will gradually return to the- original forest con- 
dition. 

o See Vidal, D. Sebastian: Catdlogo Met6dico de las Plantas Lenosas Silvestres y 
Cultivadas observadas en la Provincia de Manila (1880), 9-10, for the original defini- 
tion of "parang;" also H. N. WTiitford: The vegetation of the Lamao Forest Reserve, 
Phil. Journ. Sci. (1906), 1: 388-398, and W. W. Maule: Parang and Cogonales in the 
Philippines, Forestry and Irrigation (1906), 12: 311-317, for more detailed accounts of 
"parang" vegetation. 



WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 655 

River-valley type. — At the lower limits of the tract the Himugaan River is winding 
and distinct terraces have been formed. As the stream is ascended these terraces 
become more narrow until finally on the upper half of the tract they disappear entirely, 
the river itself occupying a deep, narrow canyon. The terraces are valuable for agri- 
cultural purposes and, as shown by the map, the original forest has been cleared from 
a large portion of them. Probably tliere are 2,000 acres that are still in original forest. 
This estimate, which is liberal, includes the forest on the terraces near the mouths of 
the principal branches. A hurried examination of this type shows it to be in a poor 
sylvicultural condition. It is characterized by many species, most of which are 
small, crooked, and defective. The undergrowth is a dense mass of climbing bamboo, 
bejucos (rattan), wild hemp, vines, and shrubs. The commercial unimportance of 
the trees makes it doubtful if the Insular Lumber Company will ever find it advis- 
able to log them. The land is better suited for agricultural than for forest purposes, 
consequently it may be found best to grant homesteads and permit caingins on it with- 
out consideration of the present forest growth. 

Upland-forest type. — The commercial forest of the tract is of the upland type and 
has an area of about 37,600 acres (15,200 hectares), or 85 per cent of the entire tract. 
The merchantable timber 'which is being lumbered is on this type. The upland for- 
est type, ranging from 150 to 1,200 feet elevation, covers the bi'oad gentle slopes and 
ridges which lead up to the foothills and peaks of Mount Silay. The slopes are cut 
up by a number of small streams and numerous arroyos. 

The forest itself is characterized by a numerous dominant stand of large over- 
mature trees belonging to the family Dipteroearpacece, with an undergrowth of many 
small trees, making a forest remarkable for its density and yield. 

The dominant trees important numerically and commercially are six in number, 
all Dipterocarps. They are Apitong (Dipterocarpus grandiflonts Blanco), Almon 
(Shorea squamata Dyer), Balacbacan (Shorea polysperma Mcrr.), Mangachapuyo 
(Shorea sp.), Lauan-dunlog {Shorea contorta Vid.) and Lauan-bagtican {Shorea sp.). 
Of the 32.9 trees per acre 40 centimeters (16 inches) and over in diameter, 29.4, or 
nearly 90 per cent, are the above species. They occur well mixed on every acre of 
upland forest. The average diameter of trees 40 centimeters and over is 71 centi- 
meters (28 inches). The largest is Mangachapuy and the smallest Apitong. They 
are all tall, clear trees, with large buttresses, which attain a diameter of more than 150 
centimeters (60 inches), a height of more than 60 meters (200 feet), and sometimes 
have a clear length of 30 to 40 meters (100 to 130 feet). 

The minor species, though they occur in large numbers, are too small and too varied 
in quality to be of any great importance commercially. The average diameter of 
trees 40 centimeters and over is 49 centimeters (19 inches). Those which occur in 
largest numbers and for which a commercial use may be found are Ata-ata {Diospijros 
sp.), Dungula {Vitex aherniana Merr.), Guisoc-guisoc {Hopea philippinensis Dyer), 
Bulog {Eugenia sp.), and Moabog {Canarium sp.). 

On the banks of small streams and in arroyos there is usually a very narrow fringe 
of small, unimportant trees. Here certain species are uniformly found. The most 
common are Astronia cumingiana Vid. and Kayea sp. 

The upland forest, compared to most tropical timber forests, is lacking in dense 
underbrush. (PI. II.) Climbing bamboos, bejucos, palms, and vines are regularly 
distributed through the forest, but only in a few spots, where an opening has been 
made admitting the light, do they form dense tangles, almost impossible to penetrate. 
As a rule, one can travel easily and steadily through the forest, cutting an occasional 
bamboo or bejuco from the path. The most common plants in the undergrowth are 
a Pandanns sp., bejucos, palms, climbing bamboos and vines, and numerous shrubs 
of the families Ruhiaceoi, Euphorhiacea:., Mclastom,acece, and others. 

The heavy shade prevents a dense herbaceous growth in the ground cover. The 
most common plants are vines, herbaceous plants and seedlings of trees, bejucos, 
and palms. The characteristic species are a Pandanus sp. and a large sedge {Mapania 
humilis Naves). 

The ground itself is remarkably free from litter. Heavy rains, insects, and fungi 
rapidly remove debris from the ground, leaving the soil bare, except for the scanty 
growth of small plants. 

The silvical condition of the forest is bad. Most of the dominant trees are over- 
mature and almost invariably diseased. The forest is balanced between growth and 
decay, with a big annual loss of increment which should be utilized. The mature 
and overmature trees should be removed as soon as possible to reduce the loss to 
a minimum and to enable the production of a second timber crop through the growth 
of the small trees and seedlings, which are abundant in the forest. 

a It should be stated here that this species is not the Mangachapuy of commerce. 
33581—07 4 



656 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 



Reproduction of the tree species is abundant and well distributed in the upland 
forest. (PL II.) There is a regular assortment of seedlings, saplings, small poles, 
large poles, and small trees to take the place of the large trees as they drop out. The 
deep shade beneath the large trees aids germination by keeping down a rank suffo- 
cating growth of vines, herbs, and grasses, which spring up in abundance in openings. 
On the other hand, this lack of light makes it difficult for the seedlings and saplings 
to survive and grow. Only a few of the millions of seedlings in the virgin forest 
finally reach a size where growth to maturity is practically assured. In short, the 
ground is usually a good seed bed. Seedlings of all species are sufficiently abundant 
and well distributed. Few seedlings reach the pole size, but enough do so to provide 
for the future of the forest. 

The six principal species are well represented in the reproduction and evidently 
will continue to predominate in the forest in about the same proportions as in the past. 
They appear to seed periodically and abundantly. Seedlings of Mangachapuy and 
Almon are especially abundant at present, pointing to a recent heavy seeding of those 
species. The seeds of all appear to have germinated well. The seedlings endure 
considrable shade, and poles and small trees of all are present in satisfactory numbers. 
The advantage in shade endurance and persistency of growth under unfavorable 
conditions seems to lie with the Apitong and Almon. 

Table III gives the total number of seedlings and saplings of trees and all other 
plants entering into the underbrush and ground cover ascertained by actual count 
on 15 plots, of one square rod each, regularly distributed through the upland forest 
in block 4. 

Table III. — Tree reproduction and ground cover on 15 square rods {375 square vieters). 



Scientific name. 



Common name. 



Seedlings. 



Saplings. 



Dipterocarpus grandiflorus. 

Shorea squamata 

Shorea poly sperma 

Shorea sp 

Hopea philippinensis 

Vitex aherniana 

Diospyros sp 

Other tree species 

Palmse " 

Calamus spp 

Pandanus sp 

Mapania humilis 

Unknown plants b 

Dinochloa sp 



Total. 



Apitong 

Almon 

Balacbacan 

Mangachapuy . 
Guisoc-guisoc. 

Dungula 

Ata-ata 



Palms 

Bejucos, or rattans. 

Pandan 

Sedge 



Climbing bamboo. 



(<^) 



4 
169 
41 



1 

19 

57 

155 

45 

29 

215 

583 



(<:) 



65 



1 Species of the genera Livistona, Pinanga, Oncosperma, and others. 
b Mostly vines, some trees, with a few herbs and ferns. 
c Abundant but not counted. 

Table IV gives the average number per acre and hectare of poles and small trees 
of the six principal species, based on valuation surveys of 135 acres of upland forest 
in blocks 3, 4, 5, and 6. 



Table IV 


. — Stand 


/ the small trees 


of the 


six principal species. 










stand per acre. 




Stand per 


hectare. 














Sc 












c a 




Diameter above but- 
tresses. 


bi 




a 

i 


ft 

J3 


.0 M 




bb 






3 
& 














.Q 


<^ 


C ° 






d 


^ 


Id 










o 

■ft 


o 


.2 

■3 


a 

03 


3 3 






■ft 




6 


.5 
"3 


P 


§•0 c 

3 C S 









< 


< 


a 


S 


^A 


H 


< 


< 


n 


s 


J 


H 


Inches. 


Cm. 


















- 








4. 7- 7. 5 


12-19 


3.43 


3.47 


1.01 


1.29 


0.65 


9.85 


8.47 


8.58 


2.51 


3.18 


1.61 


24.35 


7.9-11.4 


20-29 


3.89 


3.34 


1.56 


1.81 


1.14 


11.74 


9.61 


8.25 


3.86 


4.48 


2.82 


29.02 


11. 8-15. 7 


30.39 


2.18 


1.86 


.94 


.94 


.56 


6.48 


5.38 


4.59 


2.32 


2.32 


1.39 


16 


Total 


9.50 
33.8 


8.67 
30.9 


3.51 
12.5 


4.04 
14.4 


2.35 
8.40 


28.07 
100 


23.46 


21.42 


8.69 


9.98 


5.82 


69.37 
















1 



a 1 hectare=2. 471 acres. 



WOKKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 



657 



Sylvic treatment of the upland forest for its perpetuation and the production of 
timber is not difficult. The composition of the forest and the sylvics of the trees 
render a selection system of cutting, with protection of the reproduction, safe and 
certain to secure the desired results. 



STAND AND YIELD OF UPLAND FOREST. 



The merchantable timber on the concession is practically all in the 37,600 acres of 
upland forest, which is about 85 per cent of the total area of the tract. The valuation 
surveys and other measurements made to determine the volume of merchantable tim- 
ber were confined to this type of forest. It is this type that the company will log, and 
to it that the chief provisions of the working plan apply. 

Stayid. — One hundred aiid thirty-five acres of the timber land in blocks 3, 4, 5, and 
6 (mostly in 4 and 5), between the Hitalon and Himugaan rivers, were surveyed and 
the trees classified and measured according to species and diameter outside of the bark 
just above the main buttresses. From this data Tables V, VI, and VII were con- 
structed, showing the average number of trees per acre and hectare. Although the 
surveys were made in a part of the tract comprising but 29 per cent of the total area, 
owing to the homogeneous character of the forest and the conservative nature of the 
figures, it is believed that they can be applied to the entire area of upland forest with- 
out serious error. It is safer, however, to confine their application to blocks 3, 4, 5, 
and 6. 

Tables V, VI, and VII show the number of merchantable trees per acre and per 
hectare — that is, trees 40 centimeters and over in diameter. The six principal species 
are separated, except the two Lauans, which are comparatively few and nearly alike 
in all respects. The scarcity of the other species makes it inadvisable to separate 
them in this table. A tree 16 inches in diameter, besides its use for sawn lumber, will 
also serve for railroad ties and skids in road construction. 



Table V. — Nuraber of trees per acre 40 centimeters and over in diameter. 
[Average of 135 acres in blocks 3, 4, 5, and 6.] 













Lauan- 








Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Apitong. 


Almon. 


Balac- 
baean. 


Manga- 
chapuy. 


bagtican 

and 
Lauan- 
dunlog. 


Total. 


Other 
species. 


Grand 
total. 


Incites. 


Cm. 


















16 


40 


1.303 


.800 


0.548 


0.6.52 


0.400 


3.703 


1.185 


4.888 


• 18 


45 


1.334 


.792 


.518 


.496 


.260 


3,400 


.970 


4.370 


20 


50 


.933 


.622 


.446 


.526 


.185 


2.712 


.526 


3.238 


22 


55 


.740 


.511 


.303 


.474 


.170 


2.198 


.260 


2.458 


24 


60 


.763 


.474 


.385 


.422 


.111 


2.155 


.148 


2.303 


28 


65 


.659 


.407 


.429 


.466 


.140 


2.101 


.126 


2.227 


28 


70 


.451 


.326 


.266 


422 


.133 


1.598 


.066 


1.664 


30 


(0 


.446 


.303 


.237 


.400 


.096 


1.482 


.059 


1.541 


31 


80 


.260 


.378 


.223 


.437 


.074 


1.372 


.066 


1 438 


33 


85 


244 


.355 


.244 


.370 


.0.59 


1.272 


.037 


1.309 


35 


90 


.207 


.185 


.185 


.281 


.052 


.910 


.022 


.932 


37 


95 


.103 


.133 


.126 


.318 


.052 


.732 


.015 


.747 


39 


100 


.059 


.207 


.163 


.289 


.089 


.807 


.007 


.814 


41 


105 


.126 


.260 


.111 


.446 


.082 


1.025 


.007 


1.032 


43 
45 
47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
57 
59 
61 
63 
65 
67 


110 
115 
120 
125 
130 
135 
140 
145 
150 
155 
160 
165 
170 


.052 
.015 
.022 
.022 
.015 
.007 


.170 
.155 
.163 
.044 
.044 
.066 
.066 
.037 
.037 


.066 
.052 
.066 
.066 
.074 
.037 


.393 
.289 
.370 
.274 
.237 
.215 
.281 
.103 
.118 
.052 
.096 


.029 
.037 
.022 
.015 
.029 
.022 
.007 


.710 
.548 
.643 
.421 
.399 
.347 
.354 
.169 
.170 
.052 
.117 




.710 
.548 
.643 
.421 
.399 
.347 
.354 
.169 
.177 
.0.52 
.117 














.007 


.022 
.015 






.007 








.007 


.007 


.007 










.007 




.030 




.037 




.037 


Total 










7.768 


6.549 


4.589 


8.457 


2.071 ' 


29. 434 


3.501 


32.935 


Percentage... 


23.6 


19.9 


13.9 


25.7 


6.3 


89.4 


10.6 


lOO 



658 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 



Table VI. — Number of trees per hectare <i 40 centimeters and over in diameter. 
[Average of 54.65 hectares in blocks 3, 4, 5, and 0.] 













Lauan- 








Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Apitong. 


Almon. 


Balac- 
bacan. 


Manga- 
chapuy. 


bagtican 

and 
Laiiasi- 
dunlog. 


Total. 


Other 
species. 


Granil 
total. 


Incites. 


Cm. 


















16 


40 


3.22 


1.98 


1.35 


1.61 


0.99 


9.15 


2.92 


12 07 


18 


45 


3.29 


1.96 


1.28 


1.22 


.64 


8.39 


2.40 


10.79 


20 


50 


2.30 


1.54 


1.10 


1.30 


.46 


6.70 


1.30 


8 


22 


55 


1.83 


1.26 


.75 


1.17 


.42 


5.43 


.64 


6.07 


24 


60 


1.88 


1.17 


.95 


1.04 


.27 


5.31 


.36 


5.67 


26 


65 


1.63 


1 


1.06 


1.15 


.35 


5.19 


.31 


5.50 


28 


70 


1.11 


.81 


.66 


1.04 


.33 


3.95 


.16 


4.11 


30 


75 


1.10 


.75 


.59 


.99 


.24 


3.67 


.14 


3.81 


31 


80 


.64 


.93 


.55 


1.08 


.18 


3.38 


.16 


3.54 


33 


85 


.60 


.88 


.60 


.91 


.14 


3.13 


.091 


3.221 


35 


90 


.51 


.46 


.46 


.69 


.13 


2.25 


.054 


2.304 


37 


95 


.25 


.33 


.31 


.78 


.13 


1.80 


.037 


1.837 


39 


100 


.14 


.51 


.40 


.71 


.22 


1.98 


.018 


1.998 


41 


105 


..31 


.64 


.27 


1.10 


.20 


2. .52 


.018 


2.538 


43 
45 


110 
115 


.13 
.037 


.42 
.38 


.16 
.13 


.97 
.71 


.071 
.091 


1.751 
1.348 




1.751 
1.348 




47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
57 
59 
61 
63 
65 
67 


120 
125 
130 
135 
140 
145 
150 
155 
160 
165 
170 


.054 
.054 
.037 
.018 


.40 

.11 

.11 

.16 

.16 

.091 

.091 


.16 
.16 
.18 
.091 


.91 
.68 
.59 
.53 
.69 
.25 
.29 
.13 
.24 


.054 
.037 
.071 
.054 
.018 


1.578 
1.041 
.988 
.8.53 
.868 
.413 
.418 
.13 
.294 




1.578 
1.041 
.988 
.853 
.868 
.■413 
.436 
.13 
.294 










.018 


.054 
.037 






.018 








.018 


.018 


.018 










.018 




.074 




.092 




.092 










To 


tal 


19. 158 


16. 178 


11.32 


20.854 


5.114 


72. 624 


8.626 


81.25 



« 1 hectare = 2.471 acres. 



Table VII. — Number of trees of the six principal species 12 centimeters (4.7 inches) and 

over in diameter. 

[Average of 135 acres (54.65 hectares) in blocks 3, 4, 5, and 0.] 





Apitong. 


Almon. 


Balac- 
bacan. 


Manga- 
chapuy. 


Lauan- 
bagtican 

and 
Lauan- 
dunlog. 


Total. 




17.26 
42.6 


15.22 
37.6 


8.11 
20 


12.50 
30.8 


4.42 
10.9 


57.51 




141.90 










30 


26.5 14.1 


21.7 


7.7 


100 











Volume tables. — To ascertain the volume of the timber in these trees and on each acre, 
measurements of 57 felled trees of Apitong, Mangachapuy, Almon, and Balacbacan 
were made. The following measurements were taken: Height of stump, diameter out- 
side the bark on the stump, diameter outside the bark every 5 meters as far as the tree 
was merchantable, thickness of bark, and the clear length of the tree. The diameter 
on the s'tump is in nearly all the trees the point where the large buttresses end, and cor- 
responds with the diameters measured in the valuation surveys. The total length 
could not be measured because of the great breakage of the tops in falling, which would 
have made such measurements too uncertain. A 5-meter log sectian in measuring the 
diameter was found very convenient, as it is equivalent to 16 feet, the standard log 
length. 

From the measurements of the 57 trees, the volume of each in cubic meters and in 
feet, board measure, by the Doyle rule, was computed. Since so few trees were meas- 
ured, it was not advisable to make a separate volume curve and table for each species. 
They happen, however, to have a similar habit of growth, being all large, clean-boled 
trees, with small taper. Consequently, all measurements were combined to make one 



WOKKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOKEST TRACT. 



659 



volume curv^e in cubic meters and one in feet, board measure, to be applicable to all 
of the principal species. The following volume table was constructed from the volume 
curves. In this table no allowance is made for defects in logs that are merchantable, 
but unmerchantable logs were not measured. Allowance for defects in individual 
trees can not be made from the data collected. Small trees are usually very slightly 
defective, while large trees are almost always attacked by heart rot. 

The tree in the United States which most closely resembles in shape and volume the 
large Dipterocarps on the tract is the Yellow Foplar (Liriodendron tulipiferaL.) . The 
actual number of board feet sawed out of Yellow Poplar trees of the different diameters 
is given in Table VIII for purposes of comparison.a The Dipterocarps are more 
defective than the Yellow Poplar, and allowance for these defects will overcome the 
difference in their favor shown in the table. 

Table VIII. — Volume table for the six principal species, based on measurements of 57 
trees O' compared with Yellow Poplar. b 



Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Apitong, Almon, 

Balacbacan, Man- 

gachapuy. 


Yellow 
Poplar 
(feet B. 

M). 


Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Apitong, Almon, 

Balacbacan, Man- 

gachapuy. 


YeUow 
Poplar 
(feet B. 

M). 


Inches. 


Centi- 
meters. 


Feet B. 

M., Doyle 

rule. 


Cubic 
meters. 


Inches. 


Centi- 
meters. 


Feet B. 

M.,Doyle 

rule. 


Cubic 
meters. 


• 16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
31 
33 
35 
37 
39 
41 


40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 
105 


150 

250 

400 

580 

800 

1,050 

1,310 

1,600 

1,880 

2,200 

2,500 

2,820 

3,150 

3,500 


1.12 
1.50 
2 

2.50 
3.18 
3.84 
4.60 
5.40 
6.26 
7.27 
8.40 
9.40 
10.57 
11.80 


191 

276 
380 

507 
657 
832 
1,035 
1,250 
1,359 
1,585 
1,832 
2,149 
2,478 
2,827 


43 
45 
47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
57 
59 
61 
63 
65 
67 


110 
115 
120 
125 
130 
135 
140 
145 
150 
155 
160 
165 
170 


3,950 
4,400 
4,950 
5,550 
6,100 
6,550 
6,900 
7,200 
7,450 
7,630 
7,780 
7,900 
8,000 


13.13 

14.50 

16 

17.46 

19 

20.40 

21.70 

22. 80 

23.70 

24.40 

25 

25. 50 

25.80 


3,146 
3,470 
3,801 
4,144 
4,497 
4,844 
5,154 
5,435 
5,700 
5,944 
0,174 
6,394 
6,604 



a No allowance for defects. 

b Actually sawn from the trees of YeUow Poplar cut in Tennessee, United States. 



Yield. — With the average number of trees per acre and per hectare of the principal 
species and their average contents, the total volume per acre and per hectare, without 
allowance for defects, is computed in feet, board measure, and cubic meters for Tables 
IX and X. The minor species are not included in this estimate because of their small 
numbers, small size, and unimportance. Further investigation may show that somd 
of them can be introduced into the markets, but at present they are not exploited. 

a See Braniff, E. A.: Grades and Amount of Lumber Sawed from Yellow Poplar, 
etc., U. S. Dept. Agr., For. Ser. (1906), Bull. 73. 



660 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 



Table IX. — Volume per acre of the six principal species. 
[No allowance for defects. Feet B. M., Doyle rule.] 



Diameter above but- 
tresses. 


Apitong. 


Almon. 


Balac- 
bacan. 


Manga- 
chapuy. 


Lauan- 
bagtican 

and 
Lauan- 
dunlog. 


Total. 


Inches. 
'16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
31 
33 
35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
57 
59 
61 
63 
65 
67 


Cm. 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 
105 
110 
115 
120 
125 
130 
135 
140 
145 
150 
155 
160 
165 
170 


195 
335 
375 
430 
610 
690 
590 
710 
490 
• 530 
520 
290 
185 
440 
205 
65 
110 
120 
90 
50 


120 
200 
250 
295 
380 
425 
425 
485 
710 
780 
460 
375 
650 
910 
670 
680 
805 
240 
270 
430 
455 
265 
275 


80 
■ 130 
180 
175 
310 
450 
350 
380 
420 
535 
460 
355 
515 
390 
260 
230 
325 
365 
450 
240 


95 

125 

210 

275 

340 

490 

555 

640 

820 

815 

700 

895 

910 

1,560 

1,550 

1,270 

1,830 

1,520 

1,445 

1,410 

1,940 

740 

880 

395 

770 


60 
65 
75 
95 
90 
145 
175 
155 
130 
130 
130 
145 
280 
285 
115 
160 
110 
85 
175 
145 
50 


550 
855 
1,090 
1,270 
1,730 
2,200 
2,095 
2,370 
2,570 
2,790 
2,270 
2,060 
2,540 
3,585 
2,800 
2,405 
3,180 
2,330 
2,430 
2,275 
2,445 
1,215 
1,265 
395 
935 


50 


160 
110 










55 


55 


55 






60 




240 




300 








Total 




7,080 
14.2 


10,670 
21.4 


6,925 
13.9 


22,420 
44.8 


2,855 
5.7 


49,950 
100 


Parcel 


itage 



Table X. — Volume per hectare of the six principal species. 
[No allowance for defects. Measurement in cubic meters.] 













Lauan- 




> Diameter above but- 
tresses. 


Apitong. 


Almon. 


Balac- 
baean. 


Manga- 
chapuy. 


bagtican 

and 
Lauan- 
dunlog. 


Total. 


Inches. 


Cn. 














16 


40 


3.60 


2.21 


1.51 


1.80 


1.10 


10.22 


18 


45 


4.93 


2.94 


1.92 


1.83 


.96 


12.58 


20 


50 


4.60 


3.08 


2.20 


2.60 


.92 


13.40 


22 


55 


4.57 


3.05 


1.87 


2.92 


1.05 


13.40 


24 


60 


5.98 


3.72 


3.02 


4.45 


.86 


18.03 


26 


65 


6.26 


3.84 


4.07 


4.41 


1.34 


19.92 


28 


70 


5.10 


3.72 


3.03 


4.78 


1.52 


18.15 


30 


75 


5.94 


4.05 


3.18 


5.34 


1.30 


19.81 


31 


80 


4.00 


5.82 


3.44 


6.76 


1.12 


21.14 


33 


85 


4.36 


6.39 


4.36 


8.61 


1.02 


22.74 


35 


90 


4.28 


3.86 


3.86 


5.79 


1.09 


18.88 


37 


95 


2.35 


3.10 


2.91 


7.33 


1.22 


16.91 


39 


100 


1.48 


5.39 


4.23 


7.50 


2.32 


20.92 


41 


105 


3.66 


7.55 


3.18 


12.98 


2.36 


29.73 


43 


no 


1.70 


5.51 


2.10 


12.73 


.93 


22.97 


45 


115 


.54 


5.51 


1.88 


10.29 


1.32 


19.54 


47 


120 


.86 


6.40 


2.56 


14.56 


.86 


25.24 


49 


125 


.94 


1.92 


2.79 


11.87 


.65 


18.17 


51 


130 


.70 


2.09 


3.42 


11.21 


1.35 


18.77 


53 


135 


.37 


3.26 


1.85 


10.81 


• 1.10 


17.39 


55 
57 
59 
61 
63 
65 
67 


140 
145 
150 
155 
160 
165 
170 




3.47 
2.08 
2.15 




14.97 
5.70 
6.87 
3.17 
6.00 


.39 


18.83 
9.42 
9.89 
3.17 
7.35 


.41 


1.23 

.87 










.45 


.45 


.45 






.46 




1.90 




2.36 










Total 




66.63 


92.02 


59.93 


185. 18 


25.23 


428.99 







WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 



661 



For a safe and conservative estimate of the merchantable timber per acre, an allow- 
ance for defects should be made of about 20 per cent for Apitong, 40 per cent for Man- 
gachapuy, and 30 per cent for Balacbacan, Almon, Lauan-bagtican, and Lauan-dunlog. 
This allowance is made in Tables XI and Xll. Since it may be advisable to place the 
merchantable diameter or cutting limit at 20 inches instead of 16 inches, the merchant- 
able stand and yield for trees above those two diameters, respectively, are given in 
those tables for the purpose of comparison. 

Table XI. — Sinnmary of stand and merchantable yield of the six- principal species 40 
centimeters {16 inches) and over in diameter. 

[Allowance for defects: Apitong, 20 per cent; Mangachapuy, 40 per cent; others, 30 per cent.] 





Stand. 


Yield. 


Species. 


Per acre. 


Per 
liectare. 


Doyle 
rule, feet 
B.M.per 

acre. 


Cubic 
meters 

per 
hectare. 




7.77 
.6.55 
4.59 
8.45 
2.07 


19.16 
16.18 
11.32 
20.85 
5.11 


5,670 
7,470 
4,850 
13, 460 
2,000 


53.3 




64.4 




42.0 




111.1 




17.7 






-Total 


29.43 


72.62 


33, 450 


288.5 







Table XII. — Sumynary of stand and merchantable yield of the six principal species 50 
centimeters {20 inches) and over in diameter. 

[Allowance for defects same as in Table XI.] 



Species. 



Apitong 

Almon 

Balacbacan 

Mangachapuy 

Lauan-bagtican and Lauan-dunlog 

Total 



Stand. 



Per acre. 



5.13 
4.96 
3.52 
7.31 
1.41 



22.33 



Per 
hectare. 



12.65 
12.24 

8.69 
18.02 

3.48 



55.08 



Yield. 



Feet 

B. M. per 

acre. 



Cubic 
meters 

per 
hectare. 



5,140 
7,150 
4,640 
13,240 
1,880 



44.8 
59.3 
38.6 
107.5 

15.7 



32,0.50 



265.9 



The data from which, the volumes and yields are obtained is clearly insufficient to 
permit of an accurate estimate. This is not claimed for the above tables. They will, 
however, be found approximately correct and will serve as a basis for management 
until they can be revised. They apply to blocks 3, 4, 5, and 6, but are generally 
applicable to the entire area of upland forest. 

This tract, having about 32,050 feet B. M. of merchantable timber (over 20 inches in 
diameter) per acre on 37,660 acres of forest land, therefore contains a total merchantable 
stock of 1,207,000,000 feet B. M., if the above yield will hold for the entire area of com- 
mercial forest, which is jjrobable. This should be cut as ra]3idly as possible. It is 
sufficient to supply a mill cutting 100,000 feet per day for forty-two years of three 
hundred working days per year. 



DESCEIPTION OF TREES. 



Principal species. — Apitong {Dipterocarpus grandiflorus): Apitong is an important 
timber tree of the third group, found generally in the hill forests throughout the islands, 
the timber of which comes into the market in large quantities. On this tract Apitong 
occurs in abundance, singly, in mixture with other species, or in small groups. It is 
most numerous on the slopes of the upland forest, where it is often found in almost pure 
groups on the tops of hills and ridges. Apitong rarely occurs above 1,800 feet elevation 
on Mount Silay. It prefers a deep, well-drained soil. 

Apitong is a smaller tree than any of the other five principal trees, although it 
reaches a diameter of 145 centimeters (57 inches), with a clear length of 25 to 30 meters 



662 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 

(80 to 100 feet). The majority of the trees, however, are small. This probably is not 
due altogether to natural conditions, but more to the long-continued and injurious 
boxing of the trees for the balao, or pitch, which it yields. 

In the forest the Apitong is a clean-looking, tall tree, with a straight cylindrical 
trunk, short, compact crown, and low moderate butresses, or none at all. Apitong 
endures shade remarkably well, but thrives best in the stronger light on the upper 
slopes or tops of hills. Although seedlings are comparatively few, saplings, small 
poles, and large poles are present in a proportion sufficient to provide for the future of 
the species in the forest. Apparently it seeds well, but intermittently. No 1-year-old 
seedlings were observed during the field work of the past year.' 

Apitong is the freest from defect of the six principal species. It is sound except 
when it has been subjected to boxing. That the boxing is injurious and responsible 
for the death of many trees was proven by the observations of the various stages of decay 
and death of trees which, without exception, had been boxed. Notches 8 to 12 inches 
deep are hollowed out below to catch the pitch as it oozes out of the wood. Trees of 
only 40 centimeters diameter are often tapped, and large trees frequently on two sides. 
The balao is collected and the box is burned out every two weeks. In a short time 
insects and fungi take hold and the decay is rapid. 

The wood of the Apitong is heavy, moderately hard, and fairly durable. It is 
reddish brown in color and has a straight but coarse grain. It is used in ordinary con- 
struction, in shipbuilding, and for inferior furniture. Apitong sells in Manila for 
P90 to F115 per 1,000 feet B. M. 

Almon or White Lauan (Shorea squarnata): Almon is one of the important timber 
trees, the timber of which enters the market as White Lauan.o (PI. I, frontispiece.) 
It occurs in mixture with other species throughout the tract, most numerous on the rich 
gentle slopes. 

It is a very large, tall, clear tree, attaining a diameter of 170 centimeters (67 inches), 
a height of more than 65 meters (210 feet), and a clear length of 35 meters (115 feet). In 
the forest it is straighter and clearer than the other species and is characterized by less 
taper. A tree 135 centimeters in diameter on the stump had the following diameters 
outside the bark at the small end of each 5-meter log: 114, 112, 111, 103, 101, 96, and 93 
centimeters, a total taper in 35 meters (115 feet) of 42 centimeters (16 inches), 21 centi- 
meters (8 inches) of which was in the first 5-meter log. 

The crown of Almon is short, sturdy, and compact. Large, high buttresses are 
almost invariably found on the big trees, sometimes 3 meters high and reaching from 
3 to 4 meters from the base of the tree. 

Almon may be classed as a fair shade endurer, although its clear, tall habit of growth 
shows a strong desire for light. Seedlings are not numerous in the forest, but the num- 
ber of saplings and small and large poles is only exceeded by that of the Apitong. 

The large trees of Almon and many of the small ones are very defective. The 
principal defect is a punk or rot in the heart, which varies from a small doty spot, 
making the heart boards useless, to large hollows extending the full length of the tree. 
This has probably been caused by injuries to the tops, which have permitted the 
entrance of destructive fungi. 

The wood of Almon is light brown in color, rather soft, and not heavy. It is used 
mostly for interior work in the construction of houses. It is also substituted for 
Balacbacan for interior finishing and for furniture. Almon does not endure exposure 
to moisture or weather, and is veiy susceptible to the attacks of anay, or the white ant. 
It is sold in Manila for F70 to F90 per 1,000 feet B. M. 

Balacbacan or Tangmlc {Shorea poly sperm a): Balacbacan, the timber of which is 
now well known in the market, occurs well distributed on the tract in mixture with the 
other species. It prefers deep soil on the slopes of the hills and is more numerous above 
500 feet elevation. It is found on Mount Silay to an elevation of about 2,500 feet. 

Balacbacan is a large timber tree not reaching the magnificent sizes of the Man- 
gachapuy, but attaining a diameter of 160 centimeters (63 inches), a height of more 
than 50 meters (165 feet), and a clear length of 30 meters (100 feet). It is characterized 
by a stout spreading crown and a straight cylindrical trunk, with prominent buttresses 
at the base. It, as well as the other species of the genus Shorea in the forest, is defective 
at the heart. In general, however, it is less so than the others. 

Reproduction of Balacbacan is fairly well distributed in the forest. Seedlings and 
saplings are not so numerous as those of Mangachapuy. The tree endures shade 
about as well as the Almon. 

The wood of Balacbacan is porous, light in weight, and red or reddish brown in 
color. It is used extensively for interior finish and for furniture, and is now received 
with favor in Manila, where it is sold for F70 to F90 per 1,000 feet B. M. The wood 

o This wood should not be confused with that of Shorea contorla, the White Lauan of 
Mindoro, Zambales, and other provinces. 



WORKING PLAN FOB PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 663 

closely resembles that of Mangachapuy, which has ))een sold in the markets under the 
name of Balacbacan. 

Mangachapuy or Red Lauan {Shorea sp.): Mangachapuy, known in the mark(>t as 
Red Lauan and Balacbacan, is both the largest and the most important timber tre(! on 
tlie concession. It occurs throughout the tract in mixture with other species, most 
tuimerous on the rich, moist, lower slopes and nearly level land of the upland forest. 

Mangachapuy here reaches magnificent sizes. Trees 150 to 180 c(>ntimeters (60 to 
70 inches) in diameter, towering to a height of more than 65 meters (215 feet), with 
clear lengths of 30 to 35 meters (100 to 115 feet), are not uncommon. It is character- 
ized by stout, long, cylindrical trunk, immense buttresses, and sturdy spreading top. 

The Mangachapuy endures shade well. Seedlings, saplings, and small and large 
poles are abundant. (PI. II.) It is evident from the abundance of small seedlings 
that a heavy seeding of this species occurred one or two years ago. 

The Mangachapuy is the most defective of the principal species. The large trees 
are all subject more or less to dote, or rot, at the heart, and it is difficult to find a small 
specimen which is not already slightly affected. 

The wood of Mangachapuy is sold in the markets as Balacbacan or Red Lauan. It 
is porous, red in color, and light in weight. Locally it is used in the construction of 
houses and bancas, or dugouts. It is now being used extensively for interior finish 
and furniture. It is sold in Manila for ^70 to P90 per 1,000 feet B. M. 

Lauan-dunlog (Shorea contorta) and Lauan-bagtican (Shorea sp.): These two trees 
are relatively few on the tract. Lauan-dunlog is the \Miite Lauan of commerce. 
Both occur in mixture, preferring the moist, steep slopes in the upland forest near 
streams, and are also scattered in the river-valley forests. The close resemblance 
between the two species and the difficulty of distinguishing them in the woods makes 
it advisable to treat them as one. Both are large trees, attaining a diameter of 150 
centimeters (60 inches). They resemble in general form the Almon already described, 
and are subject to heart rot and other diseases to about the same degree as Almon. In 
proportion to their numbers in the forest, reproduction is satisfactory. Their wood 
has, in general, the same characteristics and uses as Almon, but is a trifle harder and 
heavier. They are sold in the markets as Wliite Lauan. 

Minor tree species. — The many minor tree species scattered over the tract in small 
numbers and sizes are of little or no importance commercially. The following list 
includes the larger and the more numerous; Diospyros sp. (Ata-ata), Vitex aherniana 
(Dungula), Hopea philippinensis (Guisoc-guisoc), Canarium spp. (Moabog), Eugenia 
spp. (Bulog), Kurrimia luzonica Vid., and Livistona sp. (Palma brava). These trees 
are so well distributed through the forest that large numbers of no one species can be 
found within a prescribed area. There are but 2.55 trees per acre 40 centimeters and 
over in diameter. They are all small, dominated trees, growing in the shade of the 
large Dipterocarps. Although many of them doubtless possess value for some pur- 
poses, only three (Dungula, Ata-ata, and Palma brava) can have any importance at 
present to lumbermen. 

Dungula, o which belongs to the same genus as Molave, is a small tree, seldom 
exceeding 60 centimeters (24 inches) in diameter, and occurs well distributed through- 
out the forest, but is most numerous on moist, gentle slopes and near streams. It is 
a small, rather crooked, ill-formed tree, growing in the shade of the dominant Dipte- 
rocarps. It is a true shade endurer and reproduces well. 

The wood of Dungula is very hard and heavy, resembling Molave so closely that it 
is often substituted for that species in the Manila market. It is extremely durable in 
the ground. Fallen Dungula trees in the forest, after the narrow sapwood has rotted 
off, remain hard and sound, although it is evident that they have laid on the ground 
for a long time. Dungula is gladly used by the inhabitants of northern Negros for 
harigues, or house posts. It has not, however, because of its relative scarcity and small 
size, which makes logging costly, been introduced into the timber market on any scale. 
There is no doubt that it is a very satisfactory timber for small house posts, railroad 
ties, and mining timbers, especially for the latter. 

Ata-ata is a small tree belonging to the same family as the valuable Ebony and 
Camagon. It resembles very closely Bolongeta (Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco). Ata- 
ata seldom forms more than 1 to 2 inches of the black heartwood which makes species 
of the ebony family valuable for cabinetwork. For construction purposes it is hard 
and strong. Ata-ata occurs throughout the forest in the lower dominated story. It 
is more numerous on the lower gentle slopes. It is a straight, well-formed tree, often 
slightly rectangular in cross section at the base. Its deep blue-black bark gives it a 
striking appearance in the forest. It reproduces well and endures heavy shade. 

a This tree is knxjwn in Manila markets as Sasalit, the common name for it in Zam- 
bales. In portions of Tayabas it is called Igang. 



664 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 



The . following table shows the sizes and number of trees per acre and hectare of 
Dungula and Ata-ata: 

Table XIII. — Stand of Dungula and Ata-ata. 
[Average of 135 acres in blocks 3, 4, 5, and 6.] 





Number of trees 


Number of trees 


Diameter above 
buttresses. 


per 


acre. 


jJer hectare. 


Dungula. 


Ata-ata. 


Dungula. 


Ata-ata. 


Inches. 


Centmeters. 










12 


30 


0.511 


0.407 


1.262 


1.005 


14 


35 


.385 


.644 


.950 


1.590 


16 


40 


.082 


.289 


.203 


.714 


18 


45 


.155 


.178 


.383 


.439 


20 


50 


.082 


.059 


.202 


.146 


22 


55 


.022 


. .029 


.054 


.072 


24 


60 


.022 


.0073 


.054 


.018 


26 
28 
30 
31 
33 
35 
37 


65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 


.0073 




.018 








.0073 
.0073 




.018 
.018 








.0073 


.018 














Total 40 centi- 


















meters and 










over 


.3849 


.5696 


.950 


1.407 


Total 30 centi- 










meters and 










ov 


er 


1. 2809 


1. 6206 


3.162 


4.002 







Palma brava, or Anahao, is a very useful tree locally, although it reaches no large 
size. Its poles are used in house construction, usually split for flooring. Its large 
leaves are used extensively for thatching. It occurs generally on the moist slopes, 
but the better trees have been badly thinned out in the lower edge of the tract. Farther 
back it occurs in considerable amounts as a very tall, clear tree, up to 30 centimeters 
in diameter. 

The minor species will be generally used in railroad and skid-road construction. 
Dungula, however, should be exploited and introduced into the market. As fast as 
investigation shows that any other of the minor species possesses a commercial value, 
it should be exploited by the company. 

INJURIES TO WHICH THE FOREST IS LIABLE. 

The forest is subject to damage from natural and artificial causes. To the former 
belongs the damage caused by insects, fungi, and winds; to the latter the damage 
caused by logging, fires, and cairigins. The latter are by far the most important. 

Damage from natural causes. — The amount and importance of the insect damage are 
not yet known. There is a beetle {Crossotarsus sp.) which bores into the log soon 
after the trees are felled, making it inadvisable to cut the trees more than a few days 
ahead of the skidding. The injury is greatest during the wet months of March and 
April. Since it is impossible to remove all the bark from the logs in the woods, peel- 
ing them immediately after cutting is ineffectual. It will always be necessary to 
remove the logs from the woods within a week after felling. The damage done by 
this insect appears in the lumber as small black pin holes. 

Fungi, though useful in cleaning the forest, inflict great injury. The prevalent 
heart rot in the various species of Shftrea is due to a number of fungi not yet deter- 
mined. Apparently the spores of fungi enter through some injury in the tops of the 
trees. The disease then rapidly works down through the soft heart. Year by year 
the work continues, until the tree is only a hollow shell. All large trees of the genus 
Shorea are affected in this way to a certain extent. The only remedy now possible 
is to cut the diseased trees as soon as possible, thus removing the centers of infection 
and lessening the loss of timber. Since the entire tract is covered by mature .timber 
almost equally damaged by this disease, the entire area should be logged off as soon 
as possible. 

The damage from windfall is here negligible. The only trees observed blown down 
by the winds were overmature and diseased. Wind thus merely assists the ants, 
anay, and fungi in removing the dead trees from the forest. 

Damage from artificial causes. — Forest fires in the untouched timber are impossible, 
because of the evergreen, moist character of the forest, and the lack of dry under- 



WOKKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 665 

growth and litter. In the cutting area after logging, however, there is considerable 
danger during the dry months of March and April, when the great quantity of tops 
and other debris is well dried out, that a fire will sweep through, destroying the repro- 
duction and killing many of the remaining trees. Yet, even in the cuttings a fire 
must be set at the opportune time, with a favoring wind, in order to spread over any 
large area. A moderate degree of watchfulness will prevent accidental fires in the 
slash. 

The principal and important injury to the forest is caused by caiiTgins, or clearings. 
(Pis. Ill and IV.) Caiiigins are a system of shifting agriculture. They are small 
clearings, rarely exceeding 25 acres in area, made in timber or brush land by ignorant, 
irresponsible persons. The undergrowth, small trees, and some of the large trees are 
cut during the months of January, February, and March. In April, just before the 
spring rains, the dried mass is fired. If the weather has been favorable, the fire burns 
eagerly and leaves only charred trunks and stumps to hinder planting. Crops of corn, 
camotes, and sometimes tobacco are carelessly cultivated for one, two, or three years, 
until grass and other weeds make cultivation difficult. Then the auther of the 
caiiigin abandons it to find another spot in the forest in" which to repeat the operation. 

The problem of protecting the tract against this danger is made more difficult by the 
attitude of the owners of several sugar plantations adjacent to the northern boundary, 
who evidently encourage and inspire many of the clearings in the public forest, with 
the object of securing the land after it is abandoned by the authors of the caiiigins. 
Recently they have attempted to secure the land through homesteads made by persons 
dependent upon them. Where such applications have been made for land which 
is suitable for agriculture, and on which there is little or no merchantable timber, it 
has been certified as more valuable for agricultural than for forest purposes. In many 
cases, however, applicants for heavily timbered land have made clearings immediately 
after, if not before, making their applications and before receiving the approval 
or disapproval of their applications. In this way, much valuable and accessible 
timber within the tract granted the Insular Lumber Company has been destroyed. 
From this a difficult problem has arisen in regard to the land suitable for agriculture. 
On such lands covered with timber which will be exploited by the Insular Lumber 
Company, it is evident that homesteads should not be allowed until the timber has 
been removed, or should only be granted under the condition that no clearings be made 
until the land has been logged by that comjjany. But if the applicants have entered 
the forest and made clearings on the land prior to its examination by the forest officer, 
there is then no reason why the homesteads should not be approyed. The forest officer 
can, however, have the applicants punished for making the caiiigins without permis- 
sion, but this will not affect the final disposition of the land nor compensate for the 
timber destroyed. This problem was met during the past year in heavily timbered 
land in block 7, adjoining a neighboring plantation. 

The punishment of men making caiiigins without permission in the public forests, 
as provided in article 25 of the Forest Law, will not alone serve to remedy the evil. 
Imprisonment has no great terror for the offenders, and they are seldom able to pay the 
fines imposed. During the fiscal year 1905 about 300 acres of caiiigins were made in 
heavily timbered forest along the northern boundary of the tract, which destroyed 
about 7,000,000 feet B. M. of merchantable timber. Ten offenders were arrested and 
punished with from five to thirty-five days' imprisonment each, but no fines could be 
collected for the timber destroyed. On their release from prison they returned to their 
clearings, which they are now cultivating. It is absolutely necessary to protect this 
tract against caiiigins in order to initiate even the simplest plan of forest management 
and regulation. Prevention is the only means. This can be done by — 

First. Marking and posting warning notices along the northern boundary line. 

Second. Patrolling the forest where there is danger of caiiigins. 

Third. Marking the boundaries of existing clearings within the tract to prevent 
their extension by means of caiiigins. 

Fourth. Permitting caiiigins on the partially timbered land outside of the tract. 

Injuries from logging are unavoidable. Small trees will be crushed in felling large 
ones, and seedlings will be destroyed. It is necessary, however, that care be taken 
to make this injury as small as possible. Damage from logging will be treated more 
fully under a succeeding heading. 

THE UTILIZATION OF THE FOREST. 



History of lumbering. — Lumbering in northern Negros previous to 1903 was carried 
on in a desultory manner by the Spanish and Filipino licensees. They hauled the 
timber to the nearest streams by carabao, where the logs were made into rafts and 



666 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 

towed to the Iloilo market, about 70 miles distant. It is reported that fine Molave 
and Narra were obtained in Spanish times along the coast in Cadiz and Sagay. The 
forest of third and fourth group trees, which covered most of the area, was gradually- 
pushed back to its present position. The timber of this forest has always been in 
disfavor with the Spaniards and Filipinos, and doubtless very little of it in the 
destroyed forest of this.type was utilized. 

Lumbering on the tract itself has a brief history. Previous to 1903 practically no 
timber had been exploited, except for local needs, aHhough clearings had made 
inroads along the northern side. In 1903 a license to cut 100,000 cubic feet of timber 
in the sitio of Sanghai, on both sides of the Himugaan River, was granted to the Iloilo 
Electric Company. This company installed the present small circular-saw mill, 
having a capacity of about 15,000 feet B. M. per day, and a logging outfit of one donkey 
engine, wire cable, etc. 

This preliminary and experimental operation, though not a financial success at 
the time, owing to the difficulty of introducing species against which the markets 
were prejudiced, and to floods which caused considerable damage to the mill and 
carried off many logs, nevertheless demonstrated to the satisfaction of the promoters 
that a large and modern plant, operated on American principles, would pay, and 
that steam logging was the best method to use in exploiting the large timber of this 
forest. 

In 1904 the Insular Lumber Company, incorporated under the laws of the State of 
New York, took over the plant of the Iloilo Electric Company and secured the present 
concession under a license agreement to exploit the timber on the tract for a period of 
twenty years. In return, it bound itself to comply with certain cutting rules and other 
regulations. It was its intention to install at once a new mill, of 100,000 or 200,000 feet 
capacity per day, but various difficulties prevented its accomplishment until the pres- 
ent year. The new mill is now being installed and will be completed in the near 
future. 

The Iloilo Electric Company and the Insular Lumber Company have logged off 
about 250 acres from July 1, 1903, to July 1, 1906, most of which was cut over by the 
latter company. In 1903^ the former company manifested about 300,000 feet B. M., 
for which they paid about 11.33, gold, per 1,000 feet B. M. The Insular Lumber Com- 
pany has manifested in the first two years of its existence about 1,770,000 feet B. M., 
for which it paid about $1.06, gold, per 1,000 feet B. M. This amount manifested does 
not include a large amount of lumber used in the construction of the plant and on 
which no Government charge has been imposed. 

The discrepancy between the large area cut over and the relatively small amount of 
timber manifested is accounted for by the unusual waste in logging, by the small size 
of the mill, which could not handle the largest trees, by leaving the White Lauans 
standing over a large part of the area because it was not marketable, and by the fact 
that the company had the free use of timber for construction purposes on the tract 
during the past two years. 

Present lumbering operations. — General conditions: Differences in climate, transpor- 
tation, and labor, as well as in the timber, make successful lumbering in the Philip- 
pines more difficult than in the United States. The Insular Lumber Company, under 
able management, has been meeting these difficulties and has gradually overcome 
them. 

A lumberman in the Philippines has to choose between locating his mill near the 
forest or in one of the large towns or markets. The larger mills are found in Manila. 
The five largest mills in the Islands are in Manila and have a total daily capacity of 
100,000 feet B. M., although the actual amount cut is less than half the capacity. 
Transportation of logs and lumber is entirely by water, and for long distances logs or 
lumber are not rafted. Mills which purchase their logs in the market are better 
located in the cities. The Insular Lumber Company, however, having an almost 
unlimited supply of available timber and the necessary means to log it, and having a 
a deep, navigable river penetrating almost to its timber, rightly decided to place its 
mill on this river as close as possible to the forest and to ship the sawn lumber to Manila 
and the other markets. 

The great size and weight of the timber on the tract made it necessary to employ 
some other system in logging than the ordinary native method. Carabaos are scarce 
and expensive, and, in addition, are unable to haul the largest logs. Steam skidding 
and hauling seemed the only method available. The forest is one easily logged. The 
configuration of the ground is favorable to steam skidding and railroad transportation. 
Roads can be built with much less grading and bridging than in the forests of western 
Washington. The hot climate is not a hindrance in the mill or woods, and during the 
rainy season logs are more easily skidded. 

A sufficient supply of good native labor is essential for a large lumbering operation, 
like that of the Insular Lumber Company. Fortunately, it has located in a populous 



WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT, 667 

region, where there is a laboring population employed on large sugar estates. Conse- 
quently the company has not encountered great difliculty in securing a force of about 
80 Filipino workmen. The efficiency of the labor, judged by American standards, 
is low, but compared with similar labor in other parts of the Islands, stands high. 
The men work fairly steadily, are docile, and easily taught. Among them ihc. com- 
pany now has some who do very good work in the woods and in the sawmill. They 
are treated well, furnished with good frame houses without rent, and are paid about 
P0.50 per day. Those who become skilled in special work receive slightly higher 
wages. As the ordinary wage paid on the sugar estates is T"l to ?1.50 per week, with 
food, the company has little difficulty in securing and keeping its native labor. It 
is a more difficult problem to obtain and keep skilled American labor, which has to be 
secured from the United States. Only high salaries will bring suitable American 
sawyers or loggers to this country, and even then they will not make long-time 
contracts. 

Logging: This company and the Iloilo Electric Company have logged about 250 
acres of forest land since August, 1903. The logging camp still stands at the place 
where cutting was first begun on the bank of the Himugaan River, less than 1 mile 
from the sawmill. The logs are hauled to this point and rolled over the steep bank 
to the river. A group of houses for the employees, a machine shop, and the hauling 
donkey engine are also located at this place. From the landing a hauling road 
extends 1 mile west into the forest, where the cutting is now going on. 

The method used in logging is an exact copy of the steam logging system used in 
western Washington. (Pis. V, VI, VII, and VIII.) The outfit consists of one large, 
hauling donkey, of about 50 horsepower, about 1 mile of 1-inch hauling cable, about 
1 mile of three-fourths-inch haul-back cable, one skidding or yarding donkey of about 
40 horsepower, over 2,000 feet of three-fourths-inch yarding cable, and the necessary 
blocks, hooks, rollers, chokers, cant hooks, axes, saws, etc. 

The rollway or landing is the almost perpendicular river bank, here nearly 100 feet 
high — much higher than is necessary or desirable. From the hauling donkey stationed 
at the top (PL V) a nearly straight road, about 10 feet wide, has been made into the 
forest. This is carefully graded and has strong bridges over the few arroyos or guUeys. 
(PL VI.) Across the road, and about 6 feet apart and buried about one-half in the 
earth, are placed skids or sleepers, 8 feet long and 14 to 20 inches in diameter, notched 
at the middle to about the level of the ground. The timber is hauled over these skids. 
From this main road radiate short skid roads or trails not more than 1 ,000 feet long. 
These are simple dirt roads, without grading. The hauling cable from a drum on the 
engine at the rollway runs on the ground along the hauling road and over iron rollers 
where a turn in the road makes this necessary. At the end of the road, where the yard- 
ing donkey is set up (PL VII), the hauling cable passes through a block and returns 
as the haul-back cable to another drum on the engine. The yarding cable runs from 
the yarding engine in a similar manner into the forest over a skid road, through a block 
and back again. Parallel to these cables are wires connected with the whistles on the 
engines, by which signals are given to the engineers. 

The trees are felled with ax and saw by fellers working in pairs. A staging is built 
of small poles to enable them to get above the large buttresses. (PL I.) A tree is 
notched on one side, sawed on the other, and wedged over, if necessarJ^ until it falls. 
One felling crew of two men cuts three or four large trees per day. Other men then 
cut np the tree into logs 16 and 32 feet long, and occasionally 12, 18, 20, and 24 feet long. 
(PL VIII.) The logs are then nosed at one end, and if very large are barked on one 
side to make hauling easier. The skidding crew place a choker (noose of cable) around 
the log and fasten it to the end of the skidding cable, signal the skidding engine, and 
the log is pulled out and hauled to the main road. When several logs (usually two 
when the skids are dry, and four or more when they are wet) lie on the main road, they 
are coupled together by hooks or grabs driven into their ends and connected by cable. 
The head log is fastened to the hauling cable, the signal is given, and the train of logs, 
or turn, as it is called, moves down the road to the rollway, where the logs are rolled 
into the river and confined within a boom until they are floated to the mill. As soon 
as the logs are hauled in, the engine reverses and the haul-back line pulls the hauling 
cable back into the woods. 

The method will be changed when the new logging railroad is completed. The 
engines will then haul directly to the railroad track, where the logs will be loaded on 
cars and taken to the mill. At present the logs are floated down the river to the mill 
at high tide. With the exception of Apitong, they all float well, but the danger from 
floods and lack of water in the dry season, as well as the constantly increasing distance 
of the forest froni the river, make this method of transportation less satisfactory than 
a logging railroad, which can be built at a moderate cost. 



668 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 



The men employed in logging and their wages are as follows: 



Americans (2): 

1 logging superintendent, per 

year T4, 200. 00 

1 assistant per day . . 4. 00 

Filipinos (42): 

1 foreman . . . .per day each. . 1. 50 

1 engineer do 3. 00 

1 engineer do 1. 50 

2 firemen do .50 

1 subforeman do .60 

(F2^$l United States currency.) 



Filipinos (42)— Continued. 
4 fellers per day each . . 

6 buckers do. . . . 

7 cable men do 

1 sled tender do 

4 woodcutters for the en- 
gines per day each . . 

4 road builders do 

10 water carriers for the en- 
gines per day each. . 



P0.65 
.50 
.50 
.50 

.50 
.50 

.50 



This amounts to a daily labor cost of about P45. The logging crew handles on an 
average from 5,000 to 10,000 board feet of logs per day. 

The above method, which has been employed since the commencement of the oper- 
ations, is being supplemented by a railroad which is now being installed. The road 
is equipped with two locomotives and twelve logging trucks or cars. Tlie gauge is 3^ 
feet. The donkey engines and cable system will continue to be used, but will haul 
the logs to the railroad track instead of to the river bank. This will give a great in- 
crease in the daily output of logs. 

Waste and injury to the forest: The area thus far logged has been cvit over without 
much restriction or regulation. About one-half of it has been burned over and is now 
partly under sugar cane. The remainder is slash as it has been left by the company. 
Since it is agricultural land, to a large extent homesteaded, it will not be managed for 
a second timber crop. 

The trees cut have been almost entirely the six principal species, with an occasional 
large specimen of some other kind. Few trees less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) in 
diameter have been cut, and many larger ones have not been removed. The largest 
trees have been left because the mill could not handle them. On part of the area the 
Almon and White Lauans were not cut, because at the time there was no demand for 
that kind of lumber. The following table shows the number of saplings, poles, and 
trees remaining on one-half hectare of cut-over land. Many small trees are lacking 
which were destroyed but not utilized during the logging. 



Table XIV. 



-Saplings and trees remaining on one-half hectare {1.2S acres) of cut-over 
land. 



Size. 


Api- 
tong. 


Almon. 


Man- 

gacha- 

puy. 


Balac- 
bacan. 


Dun- 
gula. 


Ata- 
ata. 


Guisoc- 
guisoc. 


Other 

trees 

and 

shrubs. 


Total. 




30 
5 
3 
1 
1 
1 


8 


5 
4 


4 


14 
8 
3 


13 
1 

3 
1 


8 
2 
1 


84 
8 
3 

1 


166 




28 




13 










3 












1 




1 


2 
2 

1 
2 












4 














2 




2 














3 












1 


3 






1 










1 






1 

1 












1 


















1 


















Total 


43 


10 


18 


4 


25 


18 


11 


97 


226 







The logging makes a bad slashing. The tops and rotten logs of the large trees piled 
on the small trees crushed by their fall form a dense and almost hopeless mass of debris. 
Some of this is unavoidable, but care in felling the large trees and the utilization of 
as much of the timber as is possible will reduce the damage. Plates IX and X show 
pieces of good and bad slash. Fire in the cuttings during the dry months of March 
and April would be destructive to the young growth. Fire, however, does not run 
readily until the brush is thoroughly dry and the wind favorable. This condition 



WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 669 

obtains only for a few days in March and April. Sometimes the friction of moving 
logs upon the skids causes fires which might spread to the cuttings. 

There is considerable waste in the felling and cutting up of trees. The Filipino 
fellers are usually not trustworthy and must be watched. Occasionally they leave 
stumps much higher than is necessary. High stumps can not be entirely avoided, 
because of the difficulty in sawing swell-butted logs in the present mill. With a new 
band-saw mill, capable of handling logs of any size, the stump height should be reduced. 
The average stump height of 23 Mangachapuy trees felled during the past year is 
9 feet (2.8 meters) and of 13 Apitong trees 4.2 feet (1.3 meters). Apitong is much 
less buttressed than Mangachapuy and is a smaller tree. It is unreasonable at present 
to require that the large buttresses be chopped through in felling the trees, but it is 
practicable to cut at the point where the principal buttresses end. In cutting the 
trees into logs, it is difiicult to determine when defective ones will repay handling. 
In cases of doubt the tendency is to leave them in the woods. Defective top logs are 
much more doubtful than butt logs, being knotty and diseased around the knots, 
which injures nearly all boards in the logs. However, when the company has gone 
to the expense of building a logging railroad and setting up donkey engines and 
cable, it is to their interest to remove every possible stick of timber from the area. 
Clear logs, not more than 50 per cent defective, should repay the cost of handling. 
They would also assist in bearing the expense of building roads. 

Little sound saw material which is not excessively knotty is left in the tops. As 
a general rule, the trunks of fairly sound trees are utilized up to the large limbs. 
More than this is impracticable at present, as there is little sale for knotty lumber. 
Much of this material in the tops would make boxes. It may be found profitable 
for th-e company to manufacture box boards, in which case much timber now wasted 
could be utilized. 

Another source of waste is the fuel used by the engines. This is usually secured 
from defective logs, which are hauled in and cut up into firewood. The tendency 
is to use logs which would be more valuable for lumber. Care should be taken to 
use no logs for this purpose which contain 50 per cent or more of good material. 

A large number of trees are necessarily used for the construction of roads and bridges. 
One mile of hauling road requires over 100,000 feet B. M. for skids alone. Large 
amounts in the future will be necessary for ties, bridge timbers, etc. At present, 
Apitong, Ata-ata, and small trees of the principal species are used. Unmarketable 
trees and tops of felled trees, as far as possible, should be used for construction work, 
except on land which is to he cleared for agriculture, where small trees of all kinds 
can be used. 

Logging does injury to the small trees and reproduction, which are to be the basis 
of the future forest. The large and overmature trees should be cut out to give the 
young growth an opportunity to take their places. Consequently, the logging must 
not destroy more than is necessary of the small growth. Much of this damage is 
unavoidable. The fellers, however, can be shown how to drop the trees where the 
damage will be least. 

The sawmill: The present sawmill is located on the right bank of the Himugaan 
River, about 6 miles from its mouth and about 1 mile north of the logging operation, 
which is on the opposite side of the river. The location is at the head of navigation 
for small steamers, although high tide reaches nearly 2 miles farther up. The mill 
stands on the river bank, jutting slightly over the water. (Pis. XI and XII.) From 
the mill a short tramroad runs to the lumber yard, directly in front of which is the dock. 
(PL XI.) Surrounding the yards are the office and quarters of the employees. The 
mill is operated by a steam engine and is equipped with a circular saw, a top saw, a 
simple edger and trimmer, and a saw-filing machine. 

The logs are boomed just below the mill in the river and are brought up into the mill 
by a bull wheel and cable. They are then rolled on to the carriage by a chain and 
drum operated by the engine. The carriage is run by friction feed. The logs are sawn 
slowly and carefully. The sawn lumber passes to the edger on dead rollers, is lifted by 
men to the trimmers and from there to the truck, which bears it to the yard. The 
principal species cut present no great difficulties in sawing. Apitong is much harder 
on the saws than the others. The waste is large, owing not only to the defective char- 
acter of the timber but also to the inadequacy of the mill and the unskilled labor at the 
edger and trimmer. The standard length of logs is 16 feet, but some 12, 14, and 18 foot 
logs are cut. The lumber is cut mostly in 1 and 2 inch thicknesses, with some 2 by 4's 
and special sizes. It is piled in the yard without cover other than a few boards, and 
without grading except by species and thickness. Most of it is shipped green to Manila, 
as the demand is greater than the supply. It is all clear lumber, and with careful 



670 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 



grading and seasoning its quality would be much improved. The mill has been sub- 
ject to some shut downs, owing to floods, breakage, and lack of logs. The following is 
the average operating pay roll at the sawmill: 



Americans (3): 

1 sawyer per year. . F4, 000. 00 

1 bookkeeper, per month.. 150.00 

1 setter per day. . 4. 00 

Filipinos (28): 

1 dogger per day each. . 1 . 00 

1 dogger do ... . .65 

1 engineer do ... . 2. 00 

1 fireman do .60 

1 fireman's helper. . .do. .. . .50 

1 off bearer do ... . .50 

1 offbearer's helper .do. . . . .50 

2 men sawing logs in the 

water per day each . . .50 

F2=$l United States currency. 



Filipinos (28) — Continued. 
2 men hauling logs into mill, 

per day each 

2 edgers per day each . . 

2 trimmers do ... . 

2 men loading .trucks, per 
day each 

1 man removing sawdust, 

per day each 

8 yard men, per day each . . 

2 watchmen, per month 
each 



F0.50 
.75 
.50 

.50 

.50 
.50 

15.00 



This is a daily labor cost of about P42. 

Cost of lumbering: The estimated cost of logging and manufacturing lumber on 
this tract is only approximate and is intended as an indication of what can reasonably 
be expected under fair management. 

The following is the cost per 1,000 feet B. M. of the lumber delivered in Manila, 
including deterioration, repairs, and interest on the investment at 10 per cent: 

Cutting and hauling logs to the river ?°7. 00 

Floating logs to the mill 30 

Sawing and piling in the yards 6. 00 

Loading on barges at the dock 40 

Freight to Manila (about 400 miles) 10. 00 

Lighterage in Manila 2. 00 

Salaries of higher officials 9. 00 

Average Government charge, or stumpage 2. 50 

Total 37. 20 

It is certain that with a thoroughly modern mill and a logging railroad, which the 
company is now putting in, the cost per 1,000 feet will be reduced much below the 
above figure. Perhaps the pay rolls given above and the freight and Government 
stumpage charge will indicate better to lumbermen what the cost should be. 

Markets and transportation: The markets for the lumber are the cities of Manila, 
Cebu, and Iloilo. The distance by water to Manila is about 400 statute miles, to 
Cebu about 140 miles, and to Iloilo about 70 miles. Very little lumber can be sold 
locally or outside of those towns. Manila is the chief market. In the past two years 
the company has sold about 1,300,000 feet B. M. of timber in Manila, 190.000 feet B. M. 
in Cebu, and 275,000 feet B. M. in Iloilo. About 7,300 feet B. M. only were sold to 
local consumers. At the beginning there was difficulty in selling large shipments of 
lumber because of the prejudice against Lauan. The demand has slowly increased 
until now what is known as Red Lauan is taken in large quantities, and the White 
Lauan finds a fair sale. Its principal competitor is Oregon Pine, which is about 
equally good for most purposes, and sells in Manila for about ^75 per 1,000 feet B. M. 
The Insular Lumber Company should be able to manufacture their lumber and deliver 
it in Manila at a price which would gradually drive out the Oregon Pine. Manila 
would at the present time use 100,000 feet B. M. per day if it were available. It is 
possible that some of the clearest and best Balacbacan and Red Lauan can be exported, 
possibly to the United States. A small lot was shipped to New York, where it was 
received with favor. 

Transportation of lumber is by water. Freight to Manila in barges (PI. XI) towed 
by a small steamer is TIO per 1,000 feet B. M. To Iloilo and Cebu in lorchas the 
freight rate is about the same. 

Prices and government charges: In the Philippine Islands the government charges 
for timber are usually levied on round logs. For timber cut in the province of Negros 
Occidental they are P°2.50 per cubic meter for first-groui? timber, F1.50 for second 
group, T'l for third group, and P'0.50 for fourth group, which is equivalent to about 
PIO, TQ, F4, and T2, respectively, per 1,000 feet B. M. In the license agreement 
with the Insular Lumber Company, however, provision is made that the charges be 
paid on the sawn lumber, plus 15 per cent for loss in sawing. Since the loss in sawixig 



WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 671 

is more than 15 per cent, the company has profited by the arrangement, as is shown 
by the following figures of cost per 1,000 feet B. M. of the vsawn luinl)er. The timber 
cut by the Insular Lumber Company is almost exclusively of the third and fourth 
group. In the fiscal year 1904-5 they paid an average price of F0.64 per cubic meter, 
or F1.76 per 1,000 feet B. M., and in 1905-6 T0.S7 per cubic meter, or P2.37 per 1,000 
feet B. M. As the company receives on an average of more than P"60 per 1,000 feet 
B. M. for their lumber in Manila, the above stumpage charges are low. 

Prospects: It is apparent from the above that a modern lumber enterprise on this 
tract ought to be successful. Believing this, the Insular Lumber Company is now 
increasing its equipment and making improvements. A new modern double mill 
is being built, which will have a capacity of 100,000 feet B. M. per day. It will be 
equipped with a 9-foot wheel and 13-inch band saws. The logging railroad is already 
completed from the mill to the timber and will soon be in operation. The company 
is ready to install a tie-impregnating plant ju^t as soon as it can make contracts with the 
new railroads to take the output. Profiting by the experience of the past two years, 
the company will put capable men in charge and will use every effort to make the oper- 
ation as efficient as any similar one in the United States. Rightly conducted, the 
enterprise should pay a handsome profit, at the same time furnishing lumber to the 
people of the islands at prices lower than that of Oregon Pine. The railroad, which will 
soon be built with government aid in Negros Occidental from Escalante to Binalbagan 
or Hog, will pass close to this tract, if it does not go through its lower side. The new 
railroad will naturally benefit the Insular Lumber Company by furnishing a market for 
railroad ties and construction timber and by making available the local markets of the 
province of Negros Occidental. 

MINOR FOREST PRODtTCTS. 

Various minor forest products are collected on the tract by the inhabitants of this 
region. Chief of these is bejuco (rattan), which occurs throughout the concession. It 
is now rather scarce near the edge of the forest and in the more accessible parts of the 
tract, owing to the long-continued custom of collecting this product. To obtain good 
bejuco, it is now necessary to go 5 to 10 miles into the forest, although small specimens 
are abundant everywhere. Tlie demand for the bejuco is strong in the sugar haciendas 
and towns of Negros, where its principal use is for tying up sacks of sugar. The prices 
are such as repay the collector, who usually builds a house in a good situation m the 
forest, and with the help of a few natives, Visayans or Negritos, collects the bejucos, 
putting them up in small bundles of 100 pieces, ten of which form large bundles, which 
are then carried out by men or carabaos. Three such camps were found on the tract. 
In addition, many persons enter the tract for a day or two to take bejuco for their per- 
sonal use. The best bejucos on the ti-act are Gatasan, Yaming, Lontoc, and Calape. 
Split bejucos, used in tying up sacks of sugar, are worth F1.50 per 1,000; entire bejucos, 
8 meters long, used in binding rafts, F15 per 100. Long bejucos for special purposes 
bring high prices. 

Balao, the pitch obtained from the Apitong tree by a destructive system of boxing, 
heretofore described, has for some years been collected on the tract. It is a dirty-gray 
pitch, used locally to make torches and commercially to calk boats. Its value in Cadiz 
is from P0.50 to P0.75 per 5-gallon can. It is doubtful if one tree yields more than 
one such can per year under the present method of collecting. The product does not 
compensate for the damage done to the tree. Until a less injurious method of tapping 
the Apitong is devised, the collection of balao on the tract should be prohibited. 

Two vines, Jagnaya and Sigid, which are collected to a limited extent, occur on the 
tract. They are small, about 1 centimeter in diameter, long, and very strong. They 
are used almost exclusively in the construction of fish corrals, and are worth in Cadiz 
from F0.60 to T0.70 per 1,000. 

The firewood possibilities of the concession at present are small. Neighboring sugar 
haciendas use considerable wood for fuel, but prefer to get it from the mangrove swamps, 
or, if from the mountain forest, to cut it themselves. Neither is it probable that firewood 
cut on the tract can be shipped to the large towns of the islands in competition with the 
mangrove product. 

The forest has few other minor products. There are scattered trees which yield gums 
and resins, but none of them occur in sufficient numbers to be of any commercial 
importance. 

Minor products are not included in the concession granted to the Insular Lumber 
Company. With the exception of balao, they can best be utilized in satisfying the 
needs of the surrounding population. Consequently, no special recommendations are 
made for the regulation of their collection. 

33581—07 5 



672 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 

AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILILIES OF THE LAND. 

Cleared land adjoining the tract, which has the same soil and general characteristics 
of the more level parts of the forest, is giving good results in agriculture. Sugar cane, 
hemp, and corn are the principal crops, all of which do well, although the sugar made 
from cane grown on this soil is discolored, and does not bring the best prices. For sugar 
cane the land is called third class. Corn grows well, and is the chief product of the poor 
people. At the present the price of the land is low. Probably considerable areas now 
covered by cogon grass and brush can be bought at less than !P20 per hectare. 

There are many acres of land on the tract suitable for corn, and a smaller area would 
give good results in sugar cane. About 300 acres in the northwest corner and in the 
valley of the Himugaan River are now under cultivation. The exact area of the tract 
which is better for agricultural uses after being lumbered is not definitely known. 
There are probably about 10,000 acres which would be classed as agricultural land, of 
which about 4,500 acres are either cleared or covered with brush. The largest single 
area of good agricultural land is in block 7, east of the Himugaan River. All of such 
land is confined to the northern side of the tract. The upper hilly portion is more 
valuable for forest than for agricultural purposes. 

There is a strong desire for the land among the neighboring people. Often, however, 
they use poor judgment in selecting their clearings, choosing rough, stony places, when 
rich level land is available. Land suitable for agriculture should be given to the people 
for homesteads after it has been logged by the company. 



Part II. 
FUTURE MANAGEMENT, 

BASIS OF PROPOSALS. 
RELATION BETWEEN OWNER AND LICENSEE. 

The owner of this tract of timber land is the government of the Philippine Islands. 
In order to secure a revenue from the heavy stand of timber which is balanced between 
growth and decay, a license agreement was made with the Insular Lumber Company, 
permitting that company, under restrictions, to exploit timber on the tract for a period 
of twenty ye^ars. The government requires that this be done without endangering 
the future supply of timber from the same forests, unless the land is more suitable for 
agricultural than for forest purposes, in which case the most benefit will be derived 
from its use for agriculture. On agricultural land the company should remove the 
greatest possible amount of merchantable timber before it is turned over to the farmer. 
On true forest land, which includes most of the tract, they should leave a sufficient 
number of trees to provide for the future stand and exercise care in the logging in 
order to prevent the destruction of an unnecessary amount of reproduction and small 
trees. 

The company, on the other hand, must make their enterprise yield a considerable 
profit in order to repay them for the risk in establishing a modern lumbering operation 
in a tropical country, where there is no experience of others to assist tiiem in avoiding 
disastrous mistakes. They have invested a large capital in the enterprise, setting 
an admirable example for those contemplating entering the lumber business in the 
Philippine Islands. Consequently many sylvic restrictions suitable and beneficial 
to the forest can not be imposed without excessive hardship to the company. The 
restrictions and regulations should be practicable, with due regard for the interests 
of both the government and the licensee. 

DIVISION OF THE FOREST INTO BLOCKS. 

To facilitate the management and protection of the forest, and to make the descrip- 
tion of places on the tract more concise and definite, the tract is divided into eight 
parts or blocks, which are bounded by the important streams. They are shown on 
the map and described as follows: 



WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 673 

Table XV. — Description of blocks. 



Block. 


Situation. 


Approximate 
area. 


Remarks. 




Hectares. 


Acres. 




1 
2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 


Southwest corner of the tract between 
the Talabon Riverand the boundary. 

Between the Hitalon and Talabon 
rivers. 

Between the Panicion and llitalon 
rivers. 

Between the I'ioc and llimugaan riv- 
ers on the east and the Panicion 
River on the west. 

Between the Iglumgum and the Ma- 

lugo rivers on the east and the Pioc 

River on the west. 
Between the Himugaan and the 

Iglumgum rivers. 
Between the Tanao and Hinuigaan 

rivers. 

East end of the tract between the boun- 
dary and the Tanao River. 

Total 


1,400 
1,800 

2,100 

1,600 

1,200 

3,600 
4,400 

1,900 


3,450 
4,450 

5,150 

3,950 

2,950 

8,890 
10,850 

4,700 


Hilly land; all heavily timbered. 

Rolling and hilly land; considerable 
area of grass 1111(1 lirushland; con- 
tains barrio of Maluni. 

Rolling and hilly land, mostly heav- 
ily timbered; son;o agricultural 
land. 

Rolling and hilly upland and some 
bottomland; clearings, cultivated 
land, and present cutting area 
near Himugaan River. 

Rolling and hilly land, mostly heav- 
ily timliered; little agricultural 
land. 
Do. 

Rolling and hilly land, heavily tim- 
bered; large area of agricultural 
land. 

Rolling and hilly land, heavily tim- 
bered. 




18,000 


44, 390 











These blocks will furnish a useful basis for future investigations on the tract. The 
logging operations will probably be confined to blocks 3, 4, and 6 for several years, 
and ct)nsequently should receive as soon as possible a more careful and detailed study 
than has yet been given to them. 

The principal trails in the forest have been surveyed and marks have been placed 
on them every one-half kilometer from their starting points. Each trail is given a 
letter- -for example, 2 KC means that the mark is on Trail C, 2 kilometers from its 
beginning. The trails and their marks are on the forest maps. Places in the forest 
can be located easily and definitely. If a clump of large Apitong trees is discovered, 
one will pace to the nearest trail, down the trail to the first survey mark, and will 
then describe the location of the Apitong as follows: Block 4, B. F. 3 KG., S. W. 200m., 
S. E. 300 m. The place is then definitely located with few words and can be marked 
accurately on the forest map. This method of description will be used by forest 
officers for future work on the tract. 



SUMMARY OF MERCHANTABLE STAND AND YIELD. 



The following is a summary of the number of merchantable trees and of the mer- 
chantable yield of the six principal species above 40 centimeters (16 inches) and 50 
centimeters (20 inches) in diameter, respectively: 





Stand. 


Yield. 


Diameter. 


Number 
of trees 
per acre. 


Number 
of trees 
per hec- 
tare. 


Feet, 

board 

measure, 

per acre. 


Cubic 
meters 
per hec- 
tare. 


40 centimeters 


29.4 
22.3 


72.6 
55.1 


33,450 
32,050 


288.5 




265.9 







METHOD OF TREATMENT. 
OBJECT TO BE ATTAINED. 



The object to be attained is to make the best use of the land and forest by securing 
the largest possible yield from the latter without inflicting hardship upon the licensee 
or endangering a future timber crop on the forest land, and by putting the agricul- 
tural land to its best use. 



674 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 



METHOD OF TREATMENT ADOPTED. 



It is evident that agricultural and nonagricultiu-al lands must receive different 
treatment. The former will be turned over to the farmer after being logged; the latter 
will be kept in forest to provide for a future yield. 

Agricultural land now covered with merchantable forest will be treated as nearly 
as possible under a clear cutting system — that is, all merchantable trees will be cut 
for lumber and as mi ny of the unmerchantable trees as possible for road construction. 
No care need be taken to protect the reproduction, as the land will be immediately 
cleared for agriculture. The essential requirement is that no merchantable timber 
be left on the land. As the logging proceeds, the boundaries of the agricultural land 
must be determined. 

Nonagricultural or forest land will be treated under the selection system, with a con- 
tinuous yield of the six principal species in view. Care must be taken to leave suf- 
ficient small trees and reproduction to provide for the future yield. No provision is 
advisable at present for a regular rotation and sustained annual yield. 



EXPLOITABLE SIZE. 



On agricultural land, all trees are exploitable. 

On forest land, none of the six principal species must be cut below a certain diam- 
eter limit. The diameter limit must be fixed so there will be sufficient seed trees and 
young growth to secure a good stand of the desired species. There should be as many 
trees as possible left standing without seriously affecting the merchantable yield. 
With a diameter limit of 40 centimeters (16 inches) there is a yield of about 33,450 feet 
B. M. per acre, leaving 28.1 trees per acre 12 to 40 centimeters in diameter. With a 
diameter limit of 50 centimeters (20 inches), there is a yield of about 32,050 feet B. M. 
per acre, leaving 35.3 small trees per acre 12 to 50 centimeters in diameter. Cutting to 
a 50-centimeter limit instead of to a 40-centimeter limit, there is a 'oss in yield of 1,400 
feet B. M. per acre, or 4 per cent, and a gain in small trees of 7.2 per acre, or 25 per 
cent. The 50-centimeter diameter limit is clearly the better. Moreover, trees below 
40 centimeters in diameter would probably not seed well, whil. trees between 40 and 
50 centimeters in diameter would produce considerable seed 'nder the influence of 
increased light and space. Since a part of the small growth is unavoidably destroyed 
by the logging, it is all the more necessary to fix the diameter limit higher than 40 cen- 
timeters. The company has, however, shown little desire to exploit the trees between 
40 and 50 centimeters in diameter, using them only in road construction. Therefore, 
a 50-centimeter diameter limit will be found practicable. Whether it is sufficiently 
high to provide for a satisfactory second crop is not certain. It is proposed as a pro- 
visional diameter limit until that fact is learned. 

THE LOGGING. 

Cutting areas. — The areas chosen by the company for exploitation should be selec- 
ted with' the approval of the Bureau of Forestry, to avoid leaving uncut exposed 
strips of forest. The cutting should proceed as regularly and compactly as possible. 
It is not deemed advisable, in view of the condition of the forest and other factors, 
to place any restrictions upon the size of the annual cutting area. 

General cutting rules. — The following cutting rules shall apply to both agricultural 
and forest lands. 

(1) All felling and cutting shall be done with saws as far as possible. 

(2) No trees shall be left lodged in the process of felling. 

(3) No stumps shall be higher than the principal buttresses. 

(4) Defective logs containing 50 per cent or more clear, sound lumber shall be util- 
ized for lumber. 

(5) No logs containing 50 per cent or more clear, sound lumber shall be used as 
fuel for the engines. 

(6) No sound logs in the tops of the trees 8 feet and over in length and over 15 
inrhes in diameter shall be left in the woods. 

(7) Excessive quantities of timber cut for construction purposes in the forest and 
wasted shall be manifested and paid for by the company. 

(8) Timber wasted in violation of the cutting rules shall be measured by the forest 
officers and paid for by the company. 

Additional cutting rules for agricultural land. — (1) Agricultural land shall, as far as 
possible, be the first to be logged. 

(2) All merchantable trees of the six principal species 40 centimeters (IG inches) 
and over in diameter shall be cut for lumber. 



WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT, 675 

(3) For construction purposes in logging, trees of the minor species and unmer- 
chantal^le trees of the principal species only shall be used. 

(4) Small trees broken down by the large trees in felling shall be utilized. 

(5) The railroad ties and skids for use in logging on the forest land shall be taken 
from the agricultural land whenever possible. 

Additional cutting rules for forest land. — (1) No Apitong, Almon, Balacbacan, Man- 
gachapuy, Lauan-bagtican, or Lauan-dunlog trees less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) 
in diameter shall be cut unless they stand in a proposed road, interfering with the 
logging, unless they have been damaged by the logging, or unless they have been 
selected for felling by the forester in charge of the district. 

(2) No Apitong, Almon, Balacbacan, Mangachapuy, Lauan-bagtican, or Lauan- 
dunlog trees less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter shall be used in road or 
bridge construction unless they stand in a place interfering with the logging, where 
their removal is necessary. 

(3) The workmen must not destroy seedlings or saplings of Apitong, Almon, Balac- 
bacan, Mangachapuy, Lauan-bagtican, and Lauan-dunlog. 

(4) Care must be taken to prevent fires on the cut-over land during the dry season. 

SUPPLEMENTARY RECOMMENDATIONS. 

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 

(1) The forest adjoining the tract on the north, which is especially liable to destruc- 
tion. by caiiigins, should be logged as soon as possible by the company under yearly 
license. 

(2) The areas to be logged shall be selected by the company, after securing the 
approval of the bureau of forestry. 

(3) Cut-over land suitable for agriculture shall be immediately opened to homestead 
entry. 

(4) The boxing or tapping of the Apitong tree for balao shall be prohibited on the 
tract. 

(5) The species of timber manufactured by the company shall be classified in the 
timber groups to which they properly belong as soon as possible. 

(6) The company shall sell manufactured lumber to the residents of the municipali- 
ties of Cadiz, Sagay, and Escalante at prices which shall never exceed the wholesale 
price in Manila, less freight and lighterage. 

(7) A ranger employed by the bureau of forestry shall be stationed permanently on 
the concession, whose duties shall be to protect the forest from cairigins and trespass, 
to inspect the himbering operations, and to make forest investigations under the direc- 
tion of the chief of the forest district. 

(8) The stumpage charges will continue to be paid on the manufactured lumber. 

PROTECTION. 

In order to put the above plan into effect, the forest must be protected before as well 
as after it is logged. The destruction of standing timber is a loss to the Government as 
well as to the company, but the loss to the latter is more serious, since such destruction 
is here confined to the most accessible part of the tract, where the profits from lumber- 
ing are correspondingly greater. The production of the future timber crop can not be 
provided for without protection of the forest, nor can sylvic restrictions be imposed 
on the company. The necessity and difficulty of protection against caiiigins have 
been shown in Part I. The benefits of protection being mutual, the company should 
cooperate with the bureau of forestry in carrying out the necessary measures. 

The problem is to prevent the cairigins, because after the damage is done there is no 
remedy. The following measures are necessaiy: 

(1) The ranger of the bureau of forestry stationed on the concession shall engage 
himself principally with its protection. 

(2) The company shall provide him with the necessary assistance to make his work 
effective. 

(3) The ranger shall patrol the concession thoroughly and prevent caiiigins by means 
of warnings, and arrests if necessary. 

(4) The northern boundary of the tract shall be surveyed and marked. Every one- 
half kilometer a painted board marked with the letters B. F. and the number of kilo- 
meters from the starting point should be nailed to a tree. Where trails cross the bound- 
ary, warning notices in the Visayan dialect should be posted, stating that caiiigins are 
prohibited on the tract and that permission to collect forest products must be obtained 
from the ranger in charge. 



676 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 5. 

(5) The cleared lands within the tract bordering on or surrounded by forest shall be 
surveyed and marked in order to prevent their extension. 

(6) Residents of the towns within which the tract is situated who desire to collect 
forest products for personal use shall obtain a written permission from the ranger in 
charge. Permission should be granted in all such cases, except for balao. 

It is believed that the above measures are practicable and will in a short time bring 
the caiiigins under control. 



This is a preliminary working plan, therefore it will naturally be found inadequate 
in many ways, and shall be amended from time to time. 

ADMINISTRATION. 

The forest officers who shall be charged with the administration of the plan shall be 
the forester in charge of district No. 8 and the ranger stationed permanently on the 
tract. Action taken by them to enforce the provisions of the plan shall be reported to 
the director of forestry for approval. 

The forester in charge of district No. 8 shall have general supervision of tlie tract and 
shall make frequent inspections. The ranger stationed on the tract shall have imme- 
diate supervision, under the direction of the forester. In matters relating to the pro- 
tection of the forest from fires and trespass, he shall take the necessary action, promptly 
reporting the facts to the forester. In matters concerning the compliance of the Insular 
Lumber Company with the provisions of the working plan, the ranger shall note the 
facts and report them to the forester. The forester will investigate and, if possible, 
arrange the matter with the representatives of the company, reporting the results to the 
director of forestry. New regulations and amendments to existing regulations shall be 
recommended by the forester to the director of forestry. The forest ofhcers shall assist 
the company with information regarding the tract, which they have collected in their 
investigations. Every effort consistent with the wise use of the forest products on the 
tract should be made by the forest officers to assist the company in making this enter- 
prise a financial success. 

The sections relating to cutting rules, management, and administration have been 
submitted by the director of forestry to the Insular Lumber Company for suggestions, 
and after a discussion of a few features of the working plan, the sections mentioned 
were, after slight modifications, agreed upon. 



Appendix. 



LIST OF TREE SPECIES. 



The following is a list of tree species mentioned in the text and includes, among 
others, all the commercial species found in merchantable quantities. Botanical spec- 
imens of about seventy tree species were collected. While the data at hand is too 
incomplete to make an estimate of the total number of tree species on the area, yet 
compared with other forests in the Philippines already examined, this one has a com- 
paratively simple floristic composition. On the other hand, contrasted with the 
average hardwood forest of the Temperate Zone, it is more complex. It will be seen 
from the stand and yield tables that the six species of Dipterocarpacese are so far ahead 
of all others, both in number of trees" and bulk of wood, that this may be regarded as a 
pure Dipterocarp forest. From a lumberman's standpoint, the yield of timber in this 
forest is equal to, or exceeds, the best American hardwood forest, and compares favor- 
ably with the best coniferous forests of the eastern United States. 

At present there is much confusion among the commercial timbers in the Philippines 
which can not be avoided until more is known about them. A number of species are 
placed on the market under one name, and sometimes the same species has several 
different market names. For the sake of comparison, the fourth column of the list 
gives the known names under which the species are sold in the Manila market. 

The authors wish to express their thanks to Elmer D. Merrill, botanist, bureau of 
science, for assistance in the identification of the Ijotanical material. 



WORKING PLAN FOR PUBLIC FOREST TRACT. 



677 



List of the species vxentioned in the text. 



Scientific name. 



Astronia cumingiana Vid Melastomaceae 

Brcynia rhamnoides Muell-Arg Euphorbiaceae 

Canarium sp Burseraceae 

Diospyros sp Ebenaceae 

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco Dipteroearpaceae 

Eugenia sp Myrtaceae 

Ficus hauili Blanco Moraceae 

Homalanthus populneus Pax Euphorbiaceae... 

Hopea philippinensis Dyer Dipterocarpaceae 

Kayea sp Guttiferse 

Llvistona sp Palmae 

Mallotus ricinoides Muell-Arg Euphorbiaceae 

Oncosperma sp Palmae 

Pandanus sp Pandanaceae 

Pinanga sp i Palmae 

Psidium guayava L MjTtaceae 

Shorea contoVta Vid ^ Dipterocarpaceae 

Shorea polysperma Merr do 



Family. 



Local common 
name. 



Shorea sp do 



Do. 



Shorea squamata Dyer 

Trema amboinensis Blume. 
Vitex aherniana Merr 



do 

do 

Tiliaceae 

Verbenaceae 



Tulug-tulug.. 

Moabog 

Ata-ata 

Apitong 

Bulog 

Labnug 

Balanti 

Guisoc-guisoc. 



Anahao . . . 
Hlmlaamo. 



Pandan . 



Bayabas 

Lauan-dunlog. . 
Balacbacan 



Commercial name. 



Mangachapuy . . . 

Lauan-hagtican . 

Almon 

Janagdon 

Dungula 



Bolongeta. 
Apitong. 



Palma brava. 



White Lauan. 

Balacbacan, Tanguile, 
Red Lauan. 

Red Lauan, Balacba- 
can. 

White Lauan. 
Do. 

Sasalit. 



BUREAU OF FORESTRY. 

(Bulletin No. 6.) 

A PRELIMINARY WORKING PLAN FOR THE PUBLIC FOREST TRACT OF THE 
MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING COMPANY, BONGABON, MINDORO, P. I.a 

By Melvix L. Merritt, forester, in charge of forest district No. 5, and H. N. Whit- 
ford, Ph. D. forester, chief of the division of forest products. 

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 

Manila, November 5, 1906. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a manuscript entitled "A Preliminary 
Working Plan for the Public Forest Tract of the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Com- 
pany, Bongabon, Mindoro, P. L," by Melvin L. Merritt, forester, in charge of forest 
district No. 5, and H. N. Whitford, Ph. D., forester, chief of the division of forest 
products, and respectfully recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 6. 
Very respectfully, 

George P. Ahern, 

Director of Forestry. 

The Acting Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. I. 



A. PRELIMINARY WORKING PLAN FOR THE PUBLIC FOREST TRACT OF THE MINDORO LUM- 
BER AND LOGGING COMPANY, BONGABON RIVER, MINDORO, P. I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The territory with which this report deals is held under a twenty-year license 
agreement by the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company. This agreement, dated 
July 3, 1905, gives it "exclusive right to cut, collect, and remove timber, firewood, 
and bejuco" from the part of the public forest later described, on the condition that 
it complies with the rules and regulations of the bureau of forestry in cutting, collecting, 
and removing said forest products. 

The work upon which this report is based was undertaken for the purpose of forming 
a preliminary plan of management to be put into operation, pending more complete 
investigation. Hence the present plan must be looked upon merely as provisional 
and subject to change when more definite information is obtained. 

The field work was done by a party consisting of two foresters, one assistant forester, 
two native rangers, and from two to nine native laborers, working for a period of over 
four months. The tract was inspected, surveyed, and mapped, and notes were taken 
on the distribution of the different types of vegetation. Valuation surveys were then 

a The following illustrations accompanying this report have been omitted and are on 
file in the War Department: 

Plate I. Interior view of the Hagachac forest. II. General view of the Narra forest 
type. III. Interior view of a Narra forest. IV. View of the beach forest type. V. 
Agoho growing along the Bongabon River. VI. View of a Calaanan forest. VII. 
Interior view of a Mangrove swamp. VIII. Narra. IX. Stump of Narra. X. Haga- 
chac. XI. A young tree of Lauan. XII. Reproduction of Lauan. XIII. A young 
tree of Guijo. XIV. Apitong. 

Map of public forest tract between the Sucol and Uasig rivers, Mindoro, P. I., 
operated under a twenty-year license agreement by the Mindgro Lumber and Logging 
Company. 

679 



680 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 

made over approximately 2 per cent of the better part of the forest. The trees were 
calipered and listed on strips 10 meters wide along lines 500 meters apart. Owing to 
the poor condition of the rest of the forest, and to lack of time, the remainder of the 
tract was investigated more hurriedly. While engaged in this survey an extensive 
botanical collection was made, which is the basis of the scientific nomenclature of this 
paper. 



Part I. 
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS UPON WHICH THE WORKING PLAN IS BASED. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACT. 
SITUATION AND AREA. 

The tract of land examined lies upon the east coast of the island of Mindoro, just 
north of the twelfth parallel of north latitude and east of the one hundred and twenty- 
first meridian east of Greenwich. The whole tract contains an area of about 85 square 
miles, while the part surveyed and examined includes approximately 55 square miles. 

BOUNDARIES. 

According to the terms of the license agreement, the tract is bounded as follows: 
"From the Sucol River south to the Uasig River, and 10 miles inland." Upon ascend- 
ing the Sucol River it was found that the native name is changed to Inuman after a 
short distance, therefore this river has been taken as the north boundary. A short 
distance inland the Uasig River divides into two branches, a large one known as the 
Baroc, and a small, nearly dry stream called the Uasig. No investigations were made 
south of the Baroc branch. 

PHYSIOGRAPHY. 

As may be seen on the map, the part examined is more or less triangular in shape, 
having its broadest side toward the coast. Starting at sea level, the land vises slowly 
and evenly as a broad, flat plain until about 7 miles (11 kilometers) inland it reaches 
an altitude of nearly 30 meters (100 feet). Here are found a few scattering hills, 
although the country is still quite level for a short distance more, especially along the 
Bongabon River. Back from this flat the foothills rise quickly into the broad and 
high mountain chain which runs north and south through Mindoro. To the south of 
the tract the foothills extend almost to the coast. To the north a low and less clearly 
defined range of hills reach nearly to the beach at a point about 4 miles north of the 
Sucol River. 

The whole territory is drained mainly by the Bongabon, Dangay, and Uasig rivers, 
all of which have rapid currents. The Bongabon River is the largest of these and 
flows through a grassy flood plain about half a mile wide. During the wet season 
this valley is often flooded and the river is practically impassible. At such times there 
is an abundance of water for rafting, but the rapid current, which extends far out to 
sea, would necessitate verystrong booms at the mouth of the river to stop logs. The 
Dangay and Uasig rivers are smaller and flow through tidal swamps which check their 
currents. The former could probably be utilized for floating logs for a short distance 
from its mouth. The Uasig (Baroc) River could also be used in this way a long dis- 
tance into the interior during the heavy rains, as the river bed is quite free from 
obstructions. 

GEOLOGICAL FORMATION AND SOIL. 

The entire flat is probably of delta origin, having been formed by the action of the 
Bongabon River. During this formative period there were a number of uplifts that 
have changed the shore line and the river course from time to time, resulting in the 
origin of different physiographic units. Corresponding to these there are distinct 
vegetative types which are adapted to the physical conditions of the topographic units 
upon which they are found. 

The soil is, in general, a deep, fine clay, covered with a thin layer of hunaus. No 
underlying rock was found on the flats, although examinations were made in many 
places from 1 to 2 meters in depth. In the valley of the Bayangan River there is a 
subsoil of sand or sandy gravel at a depth of from 75 centimeters (30 inches) to 150 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 



681 



centimeters (59 inches) which appears to be more or less continuous. A more shallow- 
sandy subsoil was also found north of the Boii^abon River on the grassy and poorly 
wooded flats. In almost all places the soil is ricTi and suitable for agriculture. 



Formerly no records either of rainfall or temperature had been taken in Mindoro. 
The rainfall, however, is heavy and more or less distributed throughout the year. The 
period of heaviest rain comes during the months of July, August, September, and Oc- 
tober, while the lightest is during January, February, March, and April. Notes regard- 
ing the rainfall, which were kept from January 16 to March 31, show the following num- 
ber of rainy days: 



Date. 


Number 

of days 

with 

heavy 

rainfall. 


Number 

of days 

with 

light 

rainfall. 


Date. 


Number 

of days 

with 

heavy 

rainfall. 


Number 

of days 

with 

light 

rainfall. 


January 16to31 


2 




5 
1 



March 1 to 14 


3 



6 


February 1 to 14 


March 15 to 31 


4 


February 15 to 28 











The coolest months are from September to February and the warmest from March to 
June. Although the warmest months are normally the driest, the northeast monsoon 
which prevails at this season brings some rain and moderates the heat. 

KOADS AND TRAILS. 

Extending from the beach just south of the Cauayan River to the sawmill of the 
company, about IJ miles inland, there is a logging tramway, made with wooden 
rails laid upon cross-ties. Aside from this one tramroad there are only rude trails 
running through the tract. Nearly all of these are passable for horses or carabaos, 
although some are merely footpaths through the woods. With the exception of a 
few rude structures, made only for foot passengers, there are no bridges on the tract. 

None of the present trails would be of any value in lumbering except for the pas- 
sage of laborers and carabaos. All logging roads must be built especially for that 
purpose. This, however, is easily done outside of the swamps, it only being neces- 
sary to clear away the brush and small trees. All such roads are good during the dry 
and many of them fairly good in the wet season. 

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

According to the last census report, the tract which includes the barrios of Anilao, 
Masaguisi, and Paclasan supports a population of about 650. In addition, the barrios 
of Bongabon to the north and Uasig to the south, which have a combined population 
of nearly 450, draw approximately half of their support from the tract. The people 
live in or near villages, around which they practice a rude agriculture, the crops 
being corn, rice, and vegetables. The only landowners in this territory claiming 
more than a few acres are a Filipino, who pastures about 300 head of cattle near 
Paclasan, and an American at the sitio Cupang, who has planted several thousand 
hemp and cocoanut plants. The Filipinos depend for their forest products upon the 
forest adjacent to the settlements. They gather resin for torches from Pili and Pag- 
sahifigin trees, a limited amount of Buri palm leaves for mats, Nipa palm leaves for 
thatching, and bejucos for rope. The mangrove swamps furnish the firewood, and 
not much timber is used locally. For the most part these and other needs fhay be 
supplied without affecting the virgin forest. 

OWNERSHIP OF THE LAND. 



Practically all of the second growth and grass lands within a distance of about 2 
miles from the coast are claimed by private persons. There are also a number of 
holdings farther back. None of these have titles, although some have Spanish titles. 
Practically all of the commercial and uncut noncommercial forest and swamp lands 
are parts of the public domain. Owing to the fact that no land surveys have been 
made, it was deemed impracticable to attempt to separate the public from the private 
lands except in this general way. 



682 FORESTEY BULLETIN NO. 6. 

COMPOSITION AND- CONDITION OF THE FOREST. 
CHARACTERISTIC TYPES. 

Several distinct natural and artificial types of vegetation are found, due principally 
to- 
First. The influence of salt water. 

Second. The effect of drainage. 

Third. The action of rivers. 

Fourth. Fire. 

Fifth. The clearing of forests by man. 

Sixth. The sylvicultural demands of the different species. 

The effect of these factors will be noted as each type is discussed, both for the pur- 
pose of showing why that type is present and in order to indicate its possibilities for 
future development. 

Since the vegetation of one type merges gradually into that of another, it has been 
impossible to fix the boundaries exactly and to locate the areas definitely on the map. 
The following is the classification, with the estimated per cent, of each type for the 
portion of the tract surveyed: 

Commercial forest areas: Per cent. 

Narra type 10 

Hagachac type 15 

Mixed type 12 

Beach type 1 

Total commercial forest 38 

Noncommercial forest areas: 

Guipa type 8 

Calaanan type 19 

Unclassified 7 

Total noncommercial forest 34 

Swamp forest areas: 

Mangrove and Nipa types 11 

Buri type 2 

Total swamp forest 13 

Other areas: 

Grass land 13 

Cultivated land 2 

Total 15 

COMMERCIAL FORESTS. 

Nana type. — Most important of all the different types of forest is that in which Nan-a 
(Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) grows as the characteristic tree. This type extends from 
the swamp belt near the coast back over the newly made and poorly drained flats until 
it reaches a higher and better drained soil, where it gi-adually disappears. Over this 
tract the abundance of soil moisture and the comparatively open character of the for- 
est furnish the conditions in which Narra reaches its best development. 

The general appearance of the forest is much the same throughout. (Pis. II and 
III.) Usually there are twelve to fifteen large and tall-growing trees of perhaps half 
as many species scattered over an acre. These form a broken upper story to the forest. 
Scattered in among them are a gi-eat many smaller and lower-growing or younger trees 
that fill in the ground space, making a thick under story. Of the smaller trees there 
are from fifty to seventy species commonly reaching a size of over 10 centimeters (4 
inches) in diameter when mature. In addition, there are many that do not reach this 
size. 

Mixed with this lower growth, though often shooting up to greater heights, are numer- 
ous palms (PI. II), while throughout the whole is a mass of climbing bamboo, bejuco 
(rattan), and other vines that extend to the tops of the tallest trees, as well as over the 
growth lower down, and often forms dense tangles on or near the ground. Herbs and 
shrubs are relatively unimportant. Taken as a whole, the undergrowth of brush and 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 



683 



vines, especially bejuco, is so thick that in walking through the forest it is necessary to 
use a ' 'bolo " to cut one's way. 

Principal species: Of the trees reaching a diameter of over 40 centimeters (16 inches), 
Narra constitutes 7.16 per cent. Other timber trees are Lauan {Shorea conlorla Vidal), 
22.23 per cent; Amuguis {Koorderswdcndron pinnatum Merrill), 7.06 per cent; Guijo 
{Shorea guiso lib), 6.37 per cent; Apitong {Dipterocarpus sp.), 3.83 per cent; Hagachac 
{Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk.), 0.68 per cent, and three species of the genus Termin- 
(dia, Calumpit (7". edulis Bb), Malagabi (T. pellucida Presb), and Sacat {T. nitens 
Presb), 1.98 per cent. These trees, which include practically all of the kinds that are 
lumbered at present, constitute a trifle less than one-half of the whole number which 
reach a size of over 40 centimeters (16 inches). Of the others, Agupanga (Chisocheton 
sp.), 7.07 per cent, Dao [Dracontomelum mangiferum Bb), 5.10 per cent, and Malagui- 
buyo {Celtis sp.), 4.69 per cent, are most numerous, while the two Canarium.s — Pili (C. 
luzonicum A. Gray) and Pagsahingin (C. villosum Bb), noteworthy because of the fact 
that they yield resins — make up 1.57 per cent. The remaining 32.26 per cent includes 
a number of trees, found in small numbers, some of which are valuable. Among these 
are Bolongeta (Diospyros pilosanthera Bb), Ipil {Intsia acuminata Merr.), and Bansilac 
{Pithecolobiiun lobatnm Bth.). The first named is fairly common in many places but 
does not reach any great size. Other large-growing species are Antipolo {Artocarpus 
communis Forst.), Baslayan {Dehaasia triandra Merr.), Punghan (sp. of Lauraceae), 
Taloto {Pterocymbiu VI finctorumM.err.), Palusat SA\h\g {Endiandra coriaceaMerr.) , Bani- 
lad {Sterculia philipi>inc)isis Merr.), Candol-candol {Sterculia blancoi Rolfe), Bancal 
(Sarcocephalus cordatus iliq.), Talimadon {Gonystylus becanus Gilg.), Nato {Palaquium 
luzoniense Vi.b Binuang {Octomeles sumatrana Miq.), Catmon {Dillenia philippmcnsis 
Rolfe), and Pahutan {Mangifera altissima Blanco). 

Minor species: Butong ]^Ianoc (Cyclostemon microphyllus Merr.), Putat {Barringtonia 
reticulata Miq. and B. racemosa Bb), and several species each of the genera Canarium 
and Eugenia are among the commonest of the smaller-growing trees. Near the clear- 
ings or in places where there have formerly been clearings are found Tula-tula ( Mallo- 
tus floribundus Muelb), Alom (Mallotus moluccajius Muelb), Ylang-ylang {Canangiurn 
odoratum Bailb), a great many trees of the genus Ficus, and others. 

Palms: Growing among the other trees are a large number of palms that seldom 
exceed 30 centimeters (12 inches) in diameter. The Anahao (Livistona sp.) (PI. II) 
is widely distributed and grows to a height of 100 feet (30 meters). The Buri {Corypha 
unibraculifera L.) is seldom found except on the borders of the swamps or in very damp 
places. Borigan gubat {Areca whitfordii Becc.) is confined largely to wet places whei'e 
the ground water level is very near the surface. Yroc {Arenga saccharifera Labill) is 
scattered quite generally and is a low-growing form, found beneath the larger trees. 
Theothers, Sarauag {Pinanga insignia Becc), Pugahan {Caryotas]).), and Sagasi (Ihtr.ro- 
spathe elata Scheii.) are usually scattered. Table I, which shows the stand of these 
species, was compiled while taking valuation surveys, and as time was not takeu to 
count all seedlings the number is considerably underestimated. It is, hov/uver, 
approximately correct for the two larger classes: 

Table I. — Stand of palms per acre (Narra type). 
[.Vverage of 70.1.5 acres.] 



Species. 



Anahao 

Yroc 

Bongan gubat 

Sagasi and Sarauag 

Pugahan 

Buri 

Total 



Seedlings 

(without 

stems) . 



9.47 
8. .58 
5.07 
1.02 
.55 
.77 



25.46 



Less than 

10 meters 

(.3.3 feet) 

high. 



4.97 
.5.81 
5.10 
1.61 
.91 
.14 



18.54 



More tha"i 

10 meterj 

(38 leef ) 

high. 



3.89 

1.51 

2.20 

.52 

.28 



18.33 
15.90 
12.37 
.3.15 
1.74 
.91 



52.40 



Soil: The soil of this type is fairly uniform. It consists of a clay surface soil, more or 
less mixed with humus, 10 to 12 centimeters (4 to 5 inches) in thickness, and a yellowish 
blue subsoil, which usually extends to the underground water level. In a few places 
the subsoil is mixed with sand. As far as investigations show, the underground water 
level is uniformly 1.5 to 3 meters (5 to 10 feet) below the surface during the dry season, 
and much aboA^e this during the rainy season. It is always sufficiently near the sur- 
face to be within reach of the roots of the larger trees, and during extremely wet weather 
large areas are flooded. 



684 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 



Reproduction: The dense growth of vines, especially bejuco and bamboo, hinders 
reproduction. Many of the trees are tolerant and can exist m the forest if the shade is 
not too heavy. Lauan seedlings (PI. XII), for instance, may be found in a shade den- 
sity of 75 per cent. Here the undergrowth is comparatively scarce and open. How- 
ever, such favorable conditions are scattered through the forest and may be temporary 
only, for the breaking of limbs or tree tops, due to the wind or the constantly increasing 
weight of the mass of bejuco and other vines, may bring this tangle of growth in the tree 
tops to the surface, forming thickets so dense that little or no sunlight can reach the 
ground. The falling mass may also injure the pole and seedling growth that has 
already been established. In such a manner, areas in the forest favorable for seedlings 
are destroyed and the former condition is established only after a number of years. In 
some places, the leaves of young palms, especially those of Anahao, produce a shade 
density of almost 100 per cent. For intolerant species, like Narra, reproduction is 
poor and it is only along trails and in open places that Narra seedlings are found at all. 
Table II, which shows the number of poles and young trees in the area, is a fair indica- 
tion of the capacity of the forest to reestablish itself. 

Table II. — Stand of poles and small trees per acre on Narra type. 
[Average of 70.15 acres.] 





Diameter. 


Species. 


10-19 
centi- 
meters 

(4-7 
inches). 


20-29 
centi- 
meters 
(8-11 
inches) . 


30-39 
centi- 
meters 
(12-16 
inches) . 


Total. 




0.499 
2.922 
.955 
.713 
.884 
.142 
.156 
.769 
1.553 
.415 
.171 

19. 187 
28.467 


0.470 

3.150 

1.211 

.570 

.698 

.214 

.128 

.912 

2.309 

.641 

.356 

17.505 
13.043 


0.057 
1.169 
.342 
.427 
.228 
.042 
.071 
.285 
1.098 
.442 
.128 

10. 306 


1.026 




7.241 




2.508 




1.710 




1.810 




.398 




.355 




1.966 




4.9eo 




1.496 


Dao 


.655 


Others reaching 30 centimeters (12 inches) in diameter when 


46.998 




41.510 








Total 


56.831 


41.207 


14. 595 


112. CrS 



Condition: The sylvical condition of the forest is poor. In it are many over-mature 
trees that should be removed as soon as possible. This is especially true of Narra. 
The dense undergrowth renders reproduction difficult. 

Hagachac type. — On the slightly higher and better drained land adjacent to the 
Narra forest is a stand of timber which apparently has taken the place of Narra as the 
river delta has been extended. Contrasted with the Narra forest, the Hagachac 
type is characterized by the absence of Narra, by the presence of Hagachac (Diptero- 
carp^is lasiopodus Perk.) (frontispiece), by a decrease of underbrush, and by an 
absence of climbing bamboo. While a consultation of the yield tables indicates that 
the yield is lighter in this than in the previous type, yet virgin stands of the Haga- 
chac type are heaver. The lighter yield shown by the tables is due to the fact that 
some of the original forest has been cleared or cut over. 

Since this type includes several detached areas, it was deemed advisable to dis- 
tinguish between them for the purpose of calculating the yields separately. The 
main part of this description, while generally applicable to them all, will be based 
upon the part designated upon the map as Hagacnac I, which is adjacent to the Narra 

type- 

Hagachac Division II does not differ materially from the first except in having a 
smaller quantity of Guijo. While the average stand is poorer, in some places it is 
equally as good. Division III of the Hagachac type extends back into the low foot- 
hills, in which territory the Mangyanes, a non-Christian tribe, are found. These 
people have for a long time made their clearings in the forest unrestricted in any 
way, and have destroyed large amounts of timber. In some places the low hills have 
been rendered practically valueless from this cause. A single line of survey through 
this tract, and including a trifle over 19 acres of forest and clearings, shows a yield of 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 



685 



approximately 2,300 feet B. M. per acre, about half of which is Hagachac. These 
figures have not been placed in the tables of stands and yields, as they represent so 
small a per cent of the forest. Division IV is a small tract of forest whicn lies just 
north of the Boiigabon River. It is of about the same grade as Hagachac II, though 
it has a number of minor differences, due to its proximity to the river and to the sur- 
rounding cleared land. 

Leading species: Hagachac makes up 17.45 per cent of the stand of timber trees 
over 40 centimeters (IG inches) in diameter; Lauan, 18.28 per cent; Amuguis, 6.01 
per cent; Guijo, 5.54 per cent; Trrminalia spp., 1.65 per cent; Narra, 0.95 per cent, 
and Apitong, 0.23 per cent. In this, as in the Narra type, Lauan is the predominant 
species, although nearly equaled by the Hagachac. As a matter of fact, the Haga- 
chac is usually grouped in favorable spots, and in such places greatly outnumbers the 
Lauan, which is more evenly scattered. It is not uncommon to find groups where 
the total stand of timber would probably run as high as 20,000 to 30,000 feet B. M. per 
acre. 

Of the other common species, the most numerous with percentages of stand of each are 
Agupanga, 10.5 per cent; Dao, 6.48 per cent; Malaguibuyo, 5.19 per cent, and Pili and 
Pagsahiiigin, 2.25 per cent. Of the remaining trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) 
in diameter, Malugay {Dracontomdum sp.) and Calantas (Toona sp.) are found scat- 
tered here and there through the forest, but are not present in merchantable quantities. 

Minor species: Putat, Bolongeta, and the many species of Eugenia, while still 
found, are not so plentiful as in the Narra forest. Near the Calaanan area thei^ are 
present many kinds peculiar to that type, especially species of Ficus and Mallotus. 

Palms: While all the palms growing in the Narra forest are present in this type, the 
total number per acre is less. Buri and Boiigan gubat are nearly absent; Anahao 
and especially Yroc are still abundant, and Sarauag, Pugahan, and Sagasi are scat- 
tered. 

Undergrowth: Climbing bamboo has practically disappeared and bejuco and other 
vines, though still common, are not so plentiful in the heavier stands. The smaller 
growing tree species still continue to form an understory, many of these being found 
even in the densest places. Shrubs and herbs occur in small numbers, and are rela- 
tively unimportant. 

Soil: The soil here is a yellowish clay, sometimes slightly sandy, and has a small 
amount of humus at the surface. A sandy layer was found at a depth of about 150 
centimeters (59 inches) in a few places, but is not universally present. The area, 
contrasted with the Nan-a type, is better drained. 

Reproduction: Reproduction is especially good of Hagachac, seedlings, saplings, 
and poles being common in all places where seed trees are found. No other tree 
seems to reproduce so well with so little light. The reproduction of Lauan, Amu- 
guis, and Guijo is plentiful except in the more densely shaded places. Table III 
shows the stand per acre of trees from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 40 centimeters 
(16 inches) in diameter. The number of trees in the next to the last column (those 
over 30 centimeters when mature) is below the actual number. This is due to the 
fact that it is difficult to properly classify all of these species, no doubtful ones being 
listed. 

Table III. — Stand of poles and small trees per acre on Hagachac type. 

[Average of 34.735 acres.] 



Species. 



Diameter. 



10-19 
centi- 
meters 

(4-7 
inches'! . 



20-29 
centi- 
meters 
(S-11 
inches) . 



30-39 
centi- 
meters 
(12-16 
inches) . 



Total. 



Hagachac 

Lauan 

Amuguis 

Guijo 

Dao 

Malagabi, Sacat, Calumpit 

Pill and Pagsahingin 

Narra 

Apitong 

Agupanga 

Malaguibuyo 

Others which will grow to be larger than 30 centimeters (12 
inches; 

Total 



1.756 
1.497 
.345 
.575 
.288 
.086 
.460 
.029 
.057 
2.015 
.201 

9.328 



2.072 
1.727 
.489 
.575 
.431 
.173 
.374 



11.631 



' 20.808 



1.180 
.575 
.?;47 
.288 
.057 
.115 
.115 
.029 



5.008 

3.799 

1.381 

1.438 

.776 

.374 

.949 

.058 

.143 

6.475 

1.264 

25.939 



10. 159 47. 604 



686 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 

Density: In a typical stand of Hagachac, the high crowns spread over half or often 
all of the surface. Sometimes, however, the forest is more open than this. In nearly 
all cases an understory of smaller growing trees gives a comparatively dense ground 
cover. 

Condition: The silvicultural condition is poor owing to the presence of many over- 
mature trees, to the unfavorable conditions for reproduction, and to the presence of 
many inferior species. The merchantable condition is fair. 

Mixed type. — Situated along the upper waters of the Madugo, Uyao, and Bayangan 
rivers is a tract of forest characterized by the absence of both Narra and Hagachac and 
by a predominance of less important species. The area is flat; rich bottom land, and 
has a deep clay soil, with a layer of humus at the surface. 

The forest is made up of scattering groups or individuals of large and tall growing 
trees, the most important of which are Lauan, Guijo, and Amuguis. Malugay and 
Calantas occur in places, while Malaguibuyo, Dao, Agupanga, and Candol-candol are 
very common. Growing in between and below this upper story of trees are a large 
number of smaller ones. All through the forest palms are common. Especially is 
this true of Yroc, which grows in fairly dense shade. An abundant growth of vines 
and bejuco is universally present. The condition of the forest is poor, because of 
clearings, the scarcity of valuable trees, and their poor reproduction. 

Beach type. — Since the coastal line of the tract is open and exposed to the direct 
action of the waves, a narrow beach has been formed, separating the swamp- portion 
from the sea. Near the mouths of the rivers this beach is broader than the average, 
while -in some other esi^ecially open places it is being destroyed, thus exposing small 
patches of the mangrove vegetation which normally lie behind the frontal zone of 
beach plants. 

The forest of the beach is distinct (PI. IV). Agoho {Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) 
and the Palo Maria de la Playa {Calophyllum inophylliim L.) are the two leading and 
distinctively characteristic trees. In places the former grows in nearly pure stands 
and extends inland along the Boiigabon River (PI. V) for about a mile. Besides those 
mentioned, the usual beach plants of the Tropics are found. Among the trees, Botong 
{Barringtonia spedosa Forst.), Dap-dap {Erythina indica Lam.), Talisay {Terminalia 
catappa L.), and Balabago {Hibiscus tiliaceous L.) are the more common. Guijo, 
Amugius, Apitong, and Ipil are among the timber trees that occur, but not in mer- 
chantable quantities, on the landward side of the beach. Pandan {Pandanus tectonics 
Sol.), Cycad {Cycas drcinalis L.), and many other shrubby plants are found. The 
Agoho reproduces well and rapidly in most places, but reproduction of Palo Maria is 
more scattered and in some places entirely absent. 

Unclassified commercial forest. — This part of the forest was given very little exami- 
nation, althougli it was seen to be of commercial importance. Both sides of the 
Boiigabon River valley along its upper waters were lined with tree growth. A strip 
taken to the north at a distance of 9 miles up this river showed a stand in which were 
found Lauan, Amugius, some Guijo, and many other large-sized trees. The country 
here is hilly. An elevation of 260 meters (850 feet) was reached within a mile of the 
river. Mangyan clearings have destroyed large quantities of timber, and the outlook 
from this hill and from others indicates that tlie same conditions exist over the major 
part of the foothill region, which makes up the back portion of the tract. Logging in 
this territory is not advisable under present conditions. 

Noncommerdal forests. — In addition to the types of commercial forest already 
named and described, there are considerable areas covered with tree growth not suited 
for lumbering under present conditions, and some of it not at all. While a complex 
classification of this part might be made, the part examined has been divided into two 
parts and the native names for these used. Naturally these grade into each other and 
lines of division are difficult to fix. Fundamentally, however, the distinction between 
them is clear. The first, or "Guipa" type, is uncut noncommercial forest, containing 
many large, though at present noncommercial, varieties of trees. The "Calaanan" 
type is the second-growth forest on land which has been cleared and used for agricul- 
tural purposes, and then abandoned. 

Guipa type. — In most cases the Guipa forest appears to be the first high forest growth 
on areas where the underground water level is very near the surface. Such areas are 
usually abandoned river channels and flood plains, and, excepting along the Boiigabon 
River, are very near the coast. 

Some idea of the stand and species of the larger trees may be obtained from a rapid 
count made over 1.7 hectares (4.2 acres) of land in the Guipa south and southeast of 
the Payang cogonal, where the following are found: Seventeen Dao, 4 Antipolo, 
1 Cupang (Parkia roxbtirghii G. Don), 1 Lauan, 1 Terminalia, 1 Malaguibuyo, and 1 
Bancal, as the more promising of the larger trees. In another place, on an area of 1.6 
hectares (3.95 acres) running through the central part of the narrow strip of Guipa 
between the Anilao River and the bairio of Masaguisi, are found 9 Dao, 3 Amuguis, 5 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 



687 



Toog (Bischojia trifoliata Hook.), 3 Bancal, 3 Pagsahirigin, 1 Antipole, 1 Calantas, 
1 Narra, 1 Pili, and a few other trees with diameters greater than 40 centimeters (16 
inches). These two places represent two of the best portions of the Guipa forest. In 
both of them, as elsewhere in this type, Catmon is the most characteristic tree, although 
it rarely reaches a diameter of over 40 centimeters (16 inches). 

Palms, especially Anahao and Yroc, are very plentiful. The undergrowth is com- 
posed of small trees, vines, and bejuco, and is generally quite dense. Reproduction 
is fair of the trees present, although in some places the lack of desirable seed trees 
prevents the reproduction of the better kinds. The soil is rich and varies from a 
loamy clay to a loamy sand. 

Calaanan type. — The Calaanan stands in sharp contrast to all of the forest types thus 
far described (PI. VI). While the others have been fundamentally natural divisions, 
this one is distinctly artificial and the direct result of the influence of man. It may 
be best understood by briefly describing its origin. 

A long-standing custom for those raising agricultural crops has been to go into the 
forest at the commencement of the dry season, cut all of the trees over a small area, 
and leave them until near the end of the dry season. The slash is then burned, and 
upon the excellent seed bed left the desired crops are planted. After growing crops 
for two or three years, the lack of any kind of tools for working the land allows the 
entrance of weeds, grass, etc., so that it is easier to clear a new place than to clean out 
the old. As a result of these methods, large areas have been cut over, abandoned, 
grown up, and perhaps cut over again and again. Thus they have been rendered 
worthless for forest purposes. 

The composition of the Calaanan varies considerably in different places. In portions 
bordering upon or near to the commercial forest, saplings and small poles of adjacent 
timber species are common. In other places, where the land has been worked for a 
longer time before abandonment, and where the clearings are near to grass lands, cogon 
grass {Imperata exaltata Brongn.) is mixed with the Calaanan. In still other places 
there is almost a pure stand of typical Calaanan trees. Taken as a whole, this type 
is made up of rapid-growing and quick-maturing varieties, which seed abundantly 
and at an early age. The first to come in, and one of the widest in distribution of these, 
is Binunga {Macaranga tanarius Muell.) (PI. VI). This seeds at an early age, grows 
with wonderful rapidity, and while most of the trees die early, some reach the size 
of forest trees. Commonly growing with this are a number of species of the genera 
Mallotus, Macaranga, and Ficus. 

Table IV gives the number of trees upon a plot one-fortieth of a hectare (one-six- 
teenth of an acre) taken in the midst of a young Calaanan forest situated so far away 
from the commercial forest as to be entirely unaffected by it. In this Calaanan there 
is an unusually large proportion of Binunga and Alorn, the former being much the 
taller, having an average height of 14 meters (45 feet). 

Table IV. — Number of trees on one-fortieth of a hectare {about one-sixteenth of an acre) of 
young Calaanan not adjacent to the commercial forest. 



Species. 



Macaranga tanarius Muell . . . 
Mallotus moluccanus Muell. . 
Macaranga playfairii Hemsl. 

Ficus hauili Blanco 

Leea sp 

Ficus mindoriensis Merr 

All others (8 species) 

Dead trees 



Total live trees. 



Seedlings 

less than 

1 meter 

(3 feet) 

high. 



Diameter. 



1-5 centi- 
meters 

(J-2 
inches) . 



C8 



5-10 cen- 
timeters 

(2-4 
inches) . 



10-15 cen- 
timeters 

(4-6 
inches) . 



Total. 



As already stated, Calaanan near the forest usually contains a large number of forest 
tree seedlings, and would no doubt eventually produce excellent forest if left undis- 
turbed. An old Calaanan near the Narra forest illustrates this point. Table V shows 
the number of trees found upon two plots, each one-fortieth of a hectare (one six- 
teenth of an acre) in area. 

33581—07 6 



688 



FORESTEY BULLETIN NO. 6. 



Table V. — Number of trees on one-twentieth of a hectare {about one-eighth of an acre) of 
old Calaanan adjacent to the commercial forest. 





Seedlings 

less than 

1 meter 

(3 feet) 

high. 


Diameter. 


Species. 


\-h centi- 
meters 

■ (|:^ 

mchcs) . 


5-10 cen- 
timeters 

(2-4 
inches) . 


10-15 cen- 
timeters 

(4-6 
inches) . 


15-20 cen- 
timeters 

(6-8 
inches). 


20-30 cen- 
timeters 

(8-12 
inches) . 


Total. 




30 
27 
21 
2 


19 
16 
3 


6 


1 






56 










43 




1 


1 




25 






2 




2 
1 

10 
55 




1 




3 


Pili 


2 
4 






3 




11 
18 


4 4 
3 2 




33 




71 


4 


153 










Total 


157 1 mfi 


36 


9 


6 


4 


318 















The following is a list of trees which are typical Calaanan trees, though they are 
often found in other forest types: 

Ficus minahassae Miq. (Hagimit), F. hauili Blanco (Hauili), F. nota Merr. (Tibig), 
F. variegata Merr. (Taiigisang bayauac T.), Macaranga tanarius Muell. (Binunga), 
M. bicolor Muell., Mallotus barnesii Merr., M. playfairii Hemsl., M. floribundus Muell., 
M. riciniodes Muell., if. moluccanus Muell. (Alom), Stylocoryne macrophylla Bartl. 
(Basa), Trema amhoinense Bl. (Knugdon), Mussaenda grandijlora Rolfe, Clerodendron 
macrostcgiiim Sch., Laportea meyeniana Ward. (Lipa), Voacanga cumingii Rolfe, 
Phacanthus cumingii Miq., Callicarpa erioclona Schauer, C. blancoi Rolfe, and C.fonnc- 
sana Rolfe. 

Unclassified noncommercial forests. — Two small tracts of forest, one near the Sucol 
and one near the Uasig River, appear on the map under the above heading. These 
have not been examined carefully and hence no attempt has been made to classify 
them. It is believed that the part near the Sucol River contains small areas of com- 
mercial forest, otherwise they are apparently made up of a mixture of Guipa, Calaanan, 
and grass land. 

SWAMP TYPES. 

Mangrove type. — Behind the narrow strip of land along the shore that is occupied by 
the beach forest is a flat area, often quite wide, that is flooded at high tide. Here an 
excessive amount of salt water gives rise to the so-called mangrove vegetation (PI. VII), 
which is composed of a dense stand of trees from 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) 
in diameter and from 8 to 12 meters (26 to 40 feet) in height. Many of these trees have 
long stilt roots, which form a very characteristic appearance, especially noticeable since 
the ground is free from undergrov/th. 

Members of the family Rhizophoracese compose this type almost to the exclusion of 
all others. The following species are characteristic: Rhizophora mucronata Lam., R. 
conjugata L., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam., B. parviflora Lam., B. eriopetala Wanda., 
B. caryophylliodes Blume, Ceriops candolleana Arn., and C. roxburghiana Am. While 
the species of Rhizophora and Bruguiera have the common names of Bacao or Bacauan, 
and those of the Ceriops, Tarigal, these names are often interchangeable and the dif- 
ferent species of the genera have such a variety of individual common names that no 
attempt is made to collect them. Besides the Rhizophoracese,, Pagatpat (Sonneraiia 
pagatpat Blanco), Apiapi (Avicenma officinalis L.). and Nilad (Scyphiphora hydro- 
phyUarea Gsertn.) are present. On. the slightly higher areas Tabigue (A^lyocarpus 
oboratus Juss. and X. granatus Koenig) and Dungonlate {Heritiera littoralis Dry.) are 
quite common. 

The mangrove swamps are important commercially because they are the principal 
source of firewood in the Philippines and because species of Bacauan, TaTigal, and 
Tabigue furnish valuable tan barks and dye barks. ^^ hile in many parts of the Philip- 
pines the mangrove swamps have been greatly damaged by long-continued cutting, 
those within this tract are in excellent condition and will furnish, with proper man- 
agement, a constant supply of firewood, tan bark, and dye bark. Reproduction in 
them is good since the trees seed continuously and freely. 

Nipa type. — Near the upper limit of high tide and on- strips along the tidal portion of 
fresh- water streams the saline condition of the soil is less pronounced. These places 
are occupied by the Nipa palm {Mpa fruticans Wurmb.), which appears as the com- 
monest and characteristic growth. Nipa is often found in nearly pure stands, though 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 689 

occasionally it is mixed with the mangrove species. In the upper limits of the Nipa 
swamp considerable areas are occupied by the swamp fern, I^agolo {Achrostichuvi 
aureum L.) and by Doloarin {Acanthus ilicifolius L.). The former occurs most fre- 
quently. Evidently the Nipa would grow and do well on the land occupied by the 
mangrove vegetation, but is probably shaded out by it. 

Buri type. — Behind the mangrove and Nipa swamp is a l)elt not flooded at any time 
by the tide, yet containing too much water for the growth of forest trees. Here is 
usually an almost pure stand of the Buri palm (Corypha, umhraculifera L.). Toward 
its higher limits it is mixed with shrubs and forest trees, and merges quickly into forest 
types. Reproduction is very plentiful, and large numbers of young plants are to be 
found. The Buri palm is not necessarily confined to the area bordering on the Nipa, 
but may form dense growth along the streams, especially if these run through or border 
on the grass areas. 

OTHER AREAS. 

Grass land. — The broad sandy and rocky flood plain of tile Bongabon River is appar- 
ently natural grass land. In places where the action of the floods is strongest, scat- 
tered clumps of Talahib (Saccharum spontanevin L.) are practically the only vegetation 
found. Toward the outer edges of the flood plain this grass forms a dense jungle from 
2 to 3 meters (7 to 10 feet) in height. Fires sweep through it periodically, partially 
burning the driest and killing the greenest portions. In this way there has accumu- 
lated at the base a dense mass of dead and partially burned grass that is often 1 meter 
or more in depth, which is sufRcient to prevent the seeding of forest trees. In the 
thinner portions, where the seeding is possible, fires are instrumental in checking 
forest growth. Mention has already been made of the extension of the coastal belt 
of Agoho up the Boiigabon River valley. It is believed from observations made in 
other parts of the islands that the habitat occupied by the Talahib is especially suited 
to Agoho, and were it not for fires this tree would form in places pure stands. At the 
upper limits of the extension of this tree an excellent advance zone of seedlings and 
young trees was observed. A later visit to the same place showed a fire destroying this 
stand. 

A few ox-bow channels cut off from the main streams are filled with Tagpo {Phrag- 
mites sp.), and in places there is an extension of the grasss zone as peninsulas into the 
forest, which evidently marked the existence of old river channels. The Baroc River 
flood plain is similar to that of the Boiigabon River, but on a much smaller scale. The 
banks of all the other rivers are clothed with forest, except where the clearings have 
allowed cogon to come in. At present these river-bottom grass lands are practically 
valueless, although they furnish pasturage for such wild game as timarau, deer, and 
wild carabao. 

Cultivated lands. — Scattered in small areas along roads and trails in almost all parts 
of the tract are small cultivated fields. These are more numerous near the villages 
and along the river valleys. In the part of the tract near the mountains the Mangyanes 
have destroyed large portions of the forest by clearings. The portion of the tract 
actually under cultivation is estimated at 2 per cent. Since the areas are small, they 
are not indicated on the map. 



The stand tables given here for trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter 
were computed for each type separately. Whenever possible diameters have been 
taken at breast height, but in case of trees having high buttresses the diameters were 
taken above the swell 

NARRA TYPE STAND. 

Table VI was computed from valuation surveys taken over 70.15 acres (28.388 hec- 
tares) or 2.035 per cent of the whole amount of the tract, which contains 3,447 acres. 
This type includes some territory aroimd the mill which has been partially cut over 
and some bordering on inferior types of forest, consequently the main part of the 
tract contains a slightly heavier stand than that shown for the average acre. 



690 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 



Table VI. — Stand per acre on Narra type {3,447 acres). 
[Average of 70.15 acres.] 













1 


Mala- 


Diameter abo.-e. 
buttresses. 


Narra. 


Lauan. 


Guijo. 


iSr |Apitong. 


gabi, 
Sacat, 
Cakim 














pit. 


Inches. 


Centimeters. 










[ 




16 


40 


0.042 


0.627 


0.242 




0.128 1 0.099 


0.071 


18 


45 


.085 


.669 


.285 




.1.56 


.099 


.028 


20 


50 


.199 


.613 


.156 




.128 


.085 


.042 


22 


55 


.242 


.513 


.190 




.285 


.071 


.099 


24 


60 


.185 


..556 


.099 




.299 


.114 


.057 


26 


66 


.199 


.470 


.142 




.199 


.085 


.028 


28 


70 


.171 


.456 


.114 




.213 


.128 


.028 


30 


75 


.099 


.313 


.185 




.156 


.042 


.042 


31 


80 


.114 


.256 


.042 




.099 


.071 


.014 


33 


85 


.08.5 


.456 


.085 




.071 


.071 


.014 


35 


90 


.128 


.228 


.042 




.085 


.071 


.042 


37 


95 


.07] 


.156 


.028 




.042 


.014 


.014 


39 
41 
43 
45 
47 
49 
51 


100 

lor. 
no 

115 
120 
125 
130 


.085 
.028 
.042 
.042 
.057 
.028 


.142 
.142 
.156 
.057 
.057 
.071 






.014 
.014 


.028 
.014 


.028 


.028 
.028 
.014 


.014 


.014 




.028 


■; ;:::: ' :i 






.028 
.014 


.014 






53 
55 
57 
59 

78 


135 
140 
145 
150 
200 




.042 
.014 






















L__. 








.014 
.014 












Total: 


1 
















Per acre 


1.930 


5.994 


1.717 




1.903 


1.034 


.535 


Per hectare.. 


4.769 


14.811 


4.243 




4.702 


2.555 


1.322 


Per cent 


7.16 


22.23 


6.37 




7.06 


3.83 


1.98 


Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Haga- 
chac. 


Pili 

and 

Pagsa- 

hingin. 


Agu- 
panga. 


Mala- 
gui- 
buyo. 


Dao. 


Others. 


Total. 


Inches. 


Centimeters. 


















16 


40 


0.042 


0.156 




).826 


199 


0.085 


2.409 


4.926 


18 


45 


.014 


.057 




.356 


.299 


.028 


1.682 


3. 758 


20 
22 


50 
55 




.057 
.014 




.299 
.142 


.228 
.156 


.099 
.042 


1.040 
.841 


2.946 
2.618 


.014 


24 
26 


60 
65 




.042 
.042 




.114 
.099 


.128 
.128 


.156 
.085 


.841 
.441 


2.591 
1.946 


.028 


28 
30 


70 
75 




.014 
.028 






.057 
.028 


.1.56 
.028 


.413 
.199 


1.750 
1.162 


.014 




.028 


31 
33 


80 
85 




.014 




.014 
.014 


.014 
.014 


.128 
.114 


.213 
.213 


.979 
1.151 


.014 




35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
57 
59 
78 


90 
95 
100 
105 
110 
115 
120 
125 
130 
135 
140 
145 
150 
200 








.014 


.014 


.085 
.099 
.085 
.014 
.057 


.142 
.028 
.028 
.028 
.042 


.851 
.452 
.410 
.296 
.353 
.141 
.213 
.183 
.084 
.056 
.042 










1 


.028 
.014 














.014 : 

.057 .014 
















.042 
.042 










.028 


.014 
















.014 .014 
























.014 
.014 


.028 
.028 














1 


i 


Total: 


















Per acre 


.182 


.424 




1.906 


1.265 


1.374 


8.700 


26.964 


Pe r hectare. . 


.450 


1.048 




4.709 


3.126 


3.395 


21. 498 


66.628 


Percent 


.68 


1.57 




7.07 


4.69 


5.10 


32.26 


100 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 



691 



HAGACHAC TYPE STAND. 



Table VII was computed from surveys made over 34.73 acres (14.057 hectares) or 
2.052 per cent of the tiTritory of the part of the Hagachac type designatt^d as Hagachac 
I, which contains 1,092 acres. 



Tabl? VII. — Stand per acre on Hagachac I type {1,692 acres). 
[Average of 34.74 acres.] 



Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Haga- 
chac. 


Lauan. 


Amu- 
guis. 


Guijo. 


Mala- 

gabi, 

Sacat, 

Calum- 

pit. 


Pili and 
Pagsa- 
hingin. 


Inches. 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
31 
33 
35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
57 
59 
61 
63 


Centimeters. 
41 
45 
50 
55 
(50 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 
105 
110 
115 
120 
125 
130 
135 
140 
145 
150 
155 
160 


0.748 
.403 
.374 
.489 
.288 
.230 
.316 
.144 
.230 
.144 
.201 
.144 
.173 
.115 
.057 
.U57 
.057 
.029 
.029 


0.460 
.460 
.575 
.345 
.632 
.374 
.259 
.345 
.173 
.115 
.259 
.173 
.086 
.086 
.029 
.029 
.029 


0.230 
.115 
.115 
.173 
.374 
.144 
.0.57 
.115 
.029 
.057 
.029 
.029 




0.086 
.201 
.086 
.259 
.057 
.086 
.173 
.086 
.029 
.057 
.029 
.029 
.029 
.029 
.057 
.029 
.029 


0.115 
.057 
.057 
.086 
.029 


0.173 
.173 
.029 
.029 
.057 
.029 
.029 






.029 




.029 




















.029 


























~ 








.029 



























1 


1 






j 








.029 










Total: 

Per acre 

Per hectare . . . 
Per cent 










4.257 
10.519 
17.45 


4.458 
11.016 
18.28 


1.467 j 
3.625 1 
6.01 j 


1.351 
3.338 
5.54 


.402 

.994 

1.65 


.548 
1.354 
2.25 


Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Narra. 


Api- 
tong. 


Dao. 


Agu- 
panga. 


Mala- 
gui- 
buyo. 


All 

others. 


Total. 


Inches. 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
■ 28 
30 
31 
33 
35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
47 
49 
51 
53 
55 
57 
59 
61 
63 


Centimeters. 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 
105 
110 
115 
120 
125 
130 
135 
140 
145 
150 
155 
160 


0.029 






9.144 
.115 
.057 
.086 
.230 
.173 
.086 
.029 


0.720 
.575 
.403 
.316 
.316 
.144 
.057 
.029 


0.173 
.086 
.374 
.201 


2.015 
.892 
.949 

.."518 


4.893 

3.077 

3.076 

2.502 

2.472 

1.697 

1.466 

.863 

.807 

.632 

.691 

.605 

.431 

.287 

.258 

.172 

.230 

.029 

.029 

.029 

.058 


0.057 


.029 ; 

.057 ! 


.115 .345 
.115 .345 
.144 ..345 






.115 


.029 
.057 
.029 

1 




.029 
.144 




.029 


.230 
.029 
.115 
.057 
.057 
.057 
.029 






.029 






.173 
.086 




















.057 
.057 
.086 


















.029 










1 


1 






j 










.029 






.029 












1 




.057 


.057 




1 
















.029 
















Total 
P 
P 
P 


er acre 

er hectare., 
er cent . : . . 


.230 
.568 
.95 


.057 
.141 
.23 


1.581 
3.907 
6.48 


2.560 
6.326 
10.50 


1.266 
3.128 
5.19 


6.213 
15.352 
25.47 


24.390 
60.268 
100 



692 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 



Table VIII is computed from valuation surveys made over 25.11 acres (10.16 hectares) 
or 1.254 per cent of the territory designated on the map as Hagachac II, which con- 
tains approximately 2,000 acres. The scattered and varied condition of this forest is 
such that the small per cent taken in these surveys must not be accepted as an absolute 
statement of the stand. It is believed, however, that the actual stand will exceed 
rather than fall below this estimate. 

Table VIII. — Stand per acre on Hagachac II type {2,000 acres). 
[Average of 25.11 acres.] 



Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Haga- 
chac. 


Lauan. 


Amu- 
guis. 


Guijo. 


Dao. 


Malagui- 
buyo. 


Inches. 
16-19 
20-23 
24-27 
28-30 
31-34 
35-38 
39-42 
43-46 
47-50 


Centimeters. 

40-49 

50-59 

60-69 

70-79 

80-89 

90-99 

100-109 

110-119 

120-129 


0.477 
.557 
.358 
.557 
.278 
.238 
.318 
.040 
.119 


0.477 
.438 
.796 
.278 
.159 
.119 
.040 
.040 
.040 


0.318 
.159 
.557 
.477 
.079 
.119 
.079 


0.079 
.079 
.079 
.040 
.040 
.040 


0.199 
.438 
.477 
.398 
.238 
.159 
.159 


1.991 

.677 
.796 
.238 














.079 










Total: 

Per acre 

Per hectare . . 
Percent 


2.942 
7.270 
13.60 


2.387 
5.898 
11.03 


1.788 
4.418 
8.26 


.357 
.882 
1.65 


2.147 
5.305 
9.92 


3.702 
9.148 
17.11 


Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Agu- 
panga. 


Candol- 
candol. 


Mala- 

gabi, 

Sacat, 

Calum- 

pit. 


Others. 


Total. 


Inches. 
16-19 
20-23 
24-27 
28-30 
31-34 
35-38 
39-42 
43-46 
47-50 


Centimeters. 

40-49 

50-59 

60-69 

70-79 

80-89 

90-99 

100-109 

110-119 

120-129 


1.353 
.836 
.517 
.040 
.040 


0.597 
.517 
.199 
.119 




1.233 
.717 
.637 
.5.57 
.278 
.199 
.079 
.040 
.040 


6.724 

4.497 

4. 416 

2.823 

1.191 

.914 

.675 

.120 

.278. 


0.079 


.119 
.079 
.040 


























Tota 
I 
I 

I 


1: 

'er acre 

'er hectare . . 
'erc^nt 


2.786 
6.884 
12.88 


1.432 
3.539 
6.62 


.317 
.783 
1.46 


3.780 
9.340 
17.47 


21.638 
53.467 
100 



MIXED TYPE STAND. 



Table IX is computed from valuation surveys made over 34.7 acres (14.07 hectares) 
or 0.82 per cent of the total area for this type, which is approximately 4,200 acres. The 
variable character of this forest is such as to render this small per cent insufficient data 
for certain conclusions. The general stand is poor and the forest more or less 
mixed with clearings and Calaanan. More complete data would no doubt show a 
considerable variation from these figures. 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 

Table IX. — Stand per acre on mi.rcd type {4,200 acres). 
[Average of 34.7 acres.] 



693 



Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Lauan. 


Amu- 
guis. 


Guijo. 


Dao. 


Mala- 

gabi, 

Sacat, 

Calum- 

pit. 


Inches. 
16-19 
20-23 
24-27 
28-30 
31-34 
35-38 
39-42 
43-46 
47-50 


Centimeters. 
40-49 
50-59 
60-69 
70-79 
80-89 
90-99 
100-109 
110-119 


0.403 
.720 
.633 
.259 
.317 
.057 
.057 


0.230 
.259 
.230 
.115 

.172 


0.230 
.201 
.086 
.259 
.201 
.057 
.057 


0.028 
.288 
.259 
.316 
.259 
.0.^7 
.316 
.086 
.086 


0.115 


.144 
.086 
.028 


.057 


.028 


.057 


1 




Total: 

Per acre 

Per hectare.. 
Per cent 








2.503 
6.185 
15.80 


1.063 
2.627 
6.71 


1.091 
2.696 
6.89 


1.695 
4.188 
10.70 


.401 

.991 

2.53 


Diameter above 
buttresses. 


Malagui- 
buyo. 


Agu- 
panga. 


Others. 


Total. 


Inches. 
16-19 
20-23 
24-27 
28-30 
31-34 
35-38 
39-42 
43-46 
47-50 


Centimeters. 
40-49 
50-59 
60-69 
70-79 
80-89 
90-99 
100-109 
110-119 


1.5.'--5 
.748 
.662 
.230 
.086 


0.748 
.431 
.374 
.201 

• .028 


1.296 
1.123 
.691 
.403 
.345 
.028 
.144 


4.605 

3. 770 

3.079 

1.869 

1.436 

.199 

.659 

.086 

.143 










120-129 


1 












Tota 
I 
I 

I 


1: 

'er acre 

'er hectare., 
'er cent 


3. 281 
8.107 
20.70 


1. 782 
4.403 
11.24 


4.030 
9.958 
25.43 


15.846 
39. 155 
100 



VOLUME TABLES. 



Owing to the fact that almost no cutting was going on during field work on the tract, 
very few measurements of felled trees were made. These volume tables have been 
computed largely from data taken by Forester Everett in Negros, Forester Maule in 
Bataan, and Forester Klemme in Tayabas, and checked with a few measurements 
taken upon the tract. In every case, however, it has been the purpose to make con- 
servative estimates. Three tables are given, one for Narra, a low-growing tree; one 
for Amuguis and species of Terminalia, which are of medium height; and one for 
Dipterocarpacese, which includes Lauan, Apitong, Guijo, and Hagachac. The latter 
trees are tall growing, and, while they differ from each other, it was thought best to 
use one table for them all. A comparison of this latter table with that given for the 
Yellow Poplar « (Liriodcndron tulipifcra L.) of the United States, which very much 
resembles in general form and habits of growth these Dipterocarps, shows a marked 
similarity between the two. 



a 3ee Braniff, E. A.: Grades and Amounts of Lumber Sawed from Yellow Poplar, 
etc. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, For. Ser., Bull. 73 (1906). 



694 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 
Table X. — Volume table. 







Narra. 


Amuguis, Mala- 
gabi, Sacat, Ca- 
lumpit. 


Lauan, Guijo, Ha- 
gachac, Apitong. 




















Board 




Board 




Board 








feet 


MK 


feet 


M3. 


feet 


UK 






Doyle. 




Doyle. 




Doyle. 




Inches. 


Cm. 














16 


40 


140 


0.500 


210 


0.875 


210 


0.875 


18 


45 


195 


.745 


285 


1.150 


285 


1.310 


20 


50 


235 


1.005 


350 


1.420 


390 


1.725 


22 


55 


-300 


1.320 


416 


1.775 


445 


2.250 


24 


60 


370 


1.555 


505 


2.200 


680 


3.150 


26 


65 


450 


1.950 


622 


2.550 


910 


3.640 


28 


70 


550 


2.275 


760 


2.920 


1,170 


4.315 


30 


75 


650 


2.540 


885 


3.310 


1,380 


5.110 


31 


80 


740 


2.955 


1,045 


3.870 


1,615 


6.000 


33 


85 


821 


3.250 


1,200 


4.310 


1,804 


6.850 


35 


90 


915 


3.625 


1,360 


4.750 


2,115 


7.650 


37 


95 


1,010 


3.950 


1,465 


5.320 


2,420 


8.325 


39 


100 


1,115 


4.350 


1,640 


5.901 


2,685 


8.900 


41 


105 


1,220 


4.800 


1,820 


6.300 


2,982 


9.540 


43 


110 


1,310 


5.200 


1,985 


6.595 


3,200 


10. 276 


45 


115 


1,430 


5.560 


2,160 


6.980 


3,450 


10.900 


47 


120 


1,550 


6.200 


2,375 


7.350 


3,685 


11.500 


49 


125 


1,622 


6.620 


2,600 


7.500 


3,965 


12. 120 


51 
53 


130 
135 










4,215 
4,500 


12. 500 
13.000 










55 


140 










4,650 


13. 000 











The yield tables have been computed for each type separately by applying the proper 
volume table to the number of trees of each diameter class which was found upon that 
type. W hile the yields can not be accepted as being accurate, owing to the nature 
of the volume tables used, it has been thought advisable to include them as being a 
conservative estimate of the yield. 



Table XI. — Yieldin board feet on Narra type {3,447 acres). 



Species. 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 40 centimeters 
(16 inches). 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 50 centimeters 
(20inciies). 


Average 

yield per 

acre. 


Total yield. 


Average 

yield per 

acre. 


Total yield. 




1,249 
6,855 
1,582 
1,200 
1,260 

408 

285 


4,305,303 
23, 629, 185 
5,453,154 
4, 136, 400 
4,343,220 

1,406, .376 

982,395 


1,224 
6,532 
1,450 
1,150 
1,188 

385 

272 


4,219,128 




22,515,804 




4,998,150 


Apitong . 


3,964,050 




4,095,036 








1,327,095 


Calumpit . . 






937,584 






Total J 


12,839 
31, 725 


44,256,033 


12,201 
30,148 


42,056,847 













MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 



695 



Table XII. — Yield in cubic meters on Narra type (1,395 hectares). 



Species. 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 40 centimeters 
(16 inches) . 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 50 centimeters 
(20 inches) . 


Average 
yield per 
hectare. 


Total yield. 


Average 
yield per 
hectare. 


Total yield. 




12.50 
62.55 
14 90 
11.03 
12.08 

I 3.75 

2.39 


17, 437. 50 
87,257.25 
20.785.50 
15,386.85 
16,851.60 

5,231.25 

3,334 05 


12.28 
59.03 
13.46 
10.49 
11.36 

3.52 

2.24 


17, 130. 60 




82,346.8.5 




18, 776. 70 




14, 633. 55 




15, 847. 20 








4,910.40 








3, 124 80 






Total 


119. 20 
48.24 


166, 284 00 


112. 38 
45.48 


156, 770. 10 













Table XIII. — Yield in board feet on Hagachac I type {1,692 acres.) 





Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 40 centimeters 
(16 inches) . 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 50 centimeters 
(20 inches) . 


Species. 


Average 

yield per 

acre. 


Total yield. 


Average 

yield per 

acre. 


Total yield. 




4,815 

4,526 

1,497 

798 

1 ■" 

135 


8,146,980 
7,657,992 
2,532,924 
1,350,216 

335,016 

228,420 


4,543 

4,298 

1,421 

711 

158 

* 131 
22 


7, 686, 756 




7,272,216 




2,404,332 




1,203,012 






Sacat 

Calumpit 


267,336 
221,652 




22 37,224 


37,224 






Total 


11,991 
29,629 


20,288,772 


11,284 
27,882 


19,092,528 













Table XIV. — Yield in cubic meters on Hagachac I type (6S5 hectares). 





Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 40 centimeters 
(16 inches). 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 50 centimeters 
(20 inches) . 




Average 
yield per 
hectare. 


Total yield. 


Average 
yield per 
hectare. 


Total yield. 




43.28 
42.42 
13.71 
7.89 

I 1.89 

1.35 
.24 


29,646.80 
29,057.70 
9,391.35 
5,404 65 

1,294 65 

924 75 
164 40 


40.36 

39.94 

12.87 

7.06 


27,646.60 




27,358.90 




8,81.5.95 




4,836.10 








1.48 1 1,013.80 








1.31 i 897.35 




. 24 164 40 






Total 


110. 78 
44 83 


75,884 30 


103. 26 
41.79 


70,733.10 













696 FORESTKY BULLETIN NO. 6. 

Table XV. — Yield in board feet on Hagachac II type {2,000 acres). 



Species. 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 40 centimeters 
(16 inches). 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 50 centimeters 
(20 inches) . 


Average 

yield per 

acre. 


Total yield. 


Average 

yield per 

acre. 


Total yield. 


Hagachac 


4,078 

2,410 

1,328 

333 

256 


8,156,000 

4,820,000 

2,656,000 

666,000 

512,000 


3,942 

2,234 

1,237 

310 

256 


7,884,000 




4,468,000 


Amuguis 


2, 474, 000 




620,000 


Malagabi . 






512,000 










Total 


8,405 
20,768 


16,810,000 


7,979 
19,716 


15,958,000 













Table XVI. — Yield in cubic meters on Hagachac II type {810 hectares). 



Species. 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 40 centimeters 
(16 inches) . 


Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 50 centimeters 
(20 inches) . 


Average 
yield per 
hectare. 


Total yield. 


Average 
yield per 
hectare. 


Total yield. 




36.46 

22.90 

12.60 

3.26 

1 .37 


29, 532. 60 
18,549.00 
10,206.00 
2,640.60 

1,919.70 


34.92 
21.35 
11.70 
3.01 

2.38 


28,285.20 




17,293.50 




9,477.00 




2, 438. 10 








1,919.70 










Total 


77.59 
31.40 


62,847.90 


73.35 
29.68 


59, 413. 50 













Table XVII. — Yield in board feet on mixed type {4,200 acres). 



Species. 



Lauan 

Guijo 

Amuguis 

Malagalji 

Sacat 

Calumpit 

Total 

Per hectare 



Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 40 centim ters 
(16 inches). 



Average 
yield per 



2,466 

1,267 

721 



4,734 
11,697 



Total yield. 



10,357,200 
5,321,400 
3,028,200 

1,176,000 



19,882,800 



Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 50 centimeters 
(20 inches) . 



Average 

yield per 

acre. 



2,351 

1,201 

655 



4,464 
11,020 



Total yield. 



9,874,200 
5,044,200 
2,751,000 

1,079,400 



18,748,800 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 697 

Table XVIII. — Yield in cubic meters on mixed type (1,700 hectares). 



Species. 



Lauan 

Guijo 

Amuguis 

Malagabi 

Sacat 

Calumpit 

Total . . . 
Per acre 



Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 40 centimeters 
(16 inches) . 



Average 
yield per 
hectare. 



23.84 
11.88 
6.92 

2.67 



45.31 
18.33 



Total yield. 



40, 528 
20, 196 
11,764 

4,539 



77,027 



Cutting to a diameter 
limit of 50 centimeters 
(20 inches). 



Average 
yield per 
hectare. 



22.54 
11.13 
6.27 

2.34 



42.28 
17.11 



Total yield. 



38,318 
18,921 
10,659 

3,978 



71,876 



Table XIX. — Total yield in board feet on Narra, Hagachac, and mixed types {11.339 

acres). 

[Cutting to a diameter limit of 40 centimeters (16 inches).] 



Species. 



Narra 
type. 



Hagachac 
I type. 



Hagachac 
II type. 



Mixed 
type. 



Total yield. 



Percent. 



Narra 

Hagachac . 

Lauan 

Amuguis. . 

Guijo 

Apitong. . . 
Malagabi . . 

Sacat 

Calumpit . . 

Total 



4, 305, 
582, 
23, 629, 
4, 343, 
5,453, 
4, 136, 



1,406,376 



228, 420 
8.146,980 
7,657,992 
1,350.216 
2,532,924 
37,224 

335,016 



8,156,000 

4,820,000 

2,656,000 

666,000 



10,357,200 
3,028,200 
5,321,400 



512,000 



1,176,000 



4,533,723 
17,285.375 
46,464,377 
11,377,636 
13,973,478 

4,173,624 

3, 429, 392 



44,256,033 



20,288,772 16,810,000 



19,882,800 



101,237,605 



4.48 
17.07 
45.90 
11.24 
13.80 

4.12 

3.39 



100 



Table XX. — Total yield in board feet on Narra, Hagachac, and mixed types {11. i 

acres). 

[Cutting to a diameter limit of 50 centimeters (20 inches) .] 



Species. 



Narra 

Hagachac . . 

Lauan 

Guijo 

Amuguis... 
Apitong . . . 
Malagabi . . 

Sacat 

Calumpit . . 

Total 



Narra 
type. 



219,128 
937,584 
515, 804 
998, 150 
096,036 
964,050 



1,327,095 



Hagachac 
I type. 



221,652 
7,686,756 
7.272.216 
2, 404, 332 
1,203,012 
37,224 

267, 336 



42,056,847 19,092,528 



Hagachac 
II type. 



7,884,000 

4,468,000 

620, 000 

2,474,000 



512,000 



15,958,000 



Mixed 
type. 



9,874,200 
5,044,200 
2,751,000 



Total yield. 



18,748,800 



4, 440, 780 
16, 508, 340 
44, 130, 220 
13,066,682 
10,523,048 

4,001,274 

3,185,831 



95,856,175 



Per cent. 



4.6i 
17.2 
46 

13.64 
11 

4.2 

3.^ 



DESCRIPTION OF TREE SPECIES. 



Narra {Pterocarpus indicus). — This tree occurs throughout the forest on the low- 
lands back of the large mangrove swamp near Daihagan Point. It is a tree of the 
newly made flats and is seldom found in the higher and older forest farther back. It 
is known on the market as Yellow Narra. 

Narra is a low-branching, spreading tree, usually producing a bole with a merchant- 
able length of from 8 to 10 meters, or about 30 feet. (PI. VIII.) The bole is angular 
and irregular in cross section. The average diameter of trees over 40 centimeters (1(5 
inches) is 73.86 centimeters (27.07 inches). Many of the logs of Narra, especially of 
he old trees, are defective at the center. Narra has wide, flat buttresses, from which 



698 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 

table tops from 5 to 6 feet in diameter are often taken. (PI. IX.) It demands consid- 
erable light and is never found in dense clumps. Reproduction is poor, excepting in a 
few open places. It sprouts freely from the stumps, and logs lying upon the ground 
send out both roots and shoots. It could probably be propagated from cuttings planted 
in the wet season. 

Narra is, without question, the most valuable timber found on the tract. The wood 
of Narra is moderately heavy, moderately hard, very durable, and is seldom if ever 
attacked by the white ant. It is especially valuable for cabinet work, and is also a 
valuable construction timber. 

Hagachac (Dipterocarpus lasiopodus) . — Hagachac is found on the higher, better- 
drained portions in the older forests, upon the flats, and the low foothills. Growing 
more or less in clumps, it is usually the predominant species in places where it is 
found. 

Hagachac produces a tall, even bole (PI. X), almost round in cross section. A tree 
of average height, with a stump diameter of 70 centimeters (28 inches), which was 
felled and measured, had a clear length of 30 meters to the first branch, at which place 
its diameter was 38 centimeters. Often higher trees than this are found. An average 
diameter of 66.31 centimeters (26.1 inches) was found for trees over 40 centimeters 
(16 inches) in diameter. The tree has few exterior defects, and is usually sound 
throughout. It is not usually strongly buttressed, although on old trees there is a 
large root swell. Hagachac seeds plentifully and reproduces as well or better in shady 
places than any other timber tree. The young saplings and poles grow rapidly and 
soon shoot up above the surrounding vegetation, where they receive an abundance 
of light. Hagachac has been but little cut and is sold under the name of Apitong. 

Lauan (Shorea contorta). — This is the most widely distributed tree in the forest. It 
is found in limited numbers in every type of lowland forest, except the swamps, and is 
also present in the foothills. 

Lauan has a tall and regular bole, reaching a height nearly equal to that of Hagachac. 
(PI. XI.) The average diameter of Lauan trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) in 
diameter upon the Hagachac type is 64.88 centimeters (24.42 inches) and upon the Narra 
type 67.28 centimeters (26.48 inches). The young trees of Lauan are little buttressed, 
but old trees often have very large ones. 

Lauan is tolerant, reproducing in places where there is only a small amount of light. 
(PI. XII.) Mature trees stand above the surrounding vegetation, and when very large 
are sometimes hollow or defective at the heart. Lauan is used in construction and inside 
work, but does not stand well in contact with the soil, and is often eaten by the white 
ant. 

Guijo (Shorea guiso) .—This tree (PI. XIII) occurs over all of the low flat country and 
on lower hillsides, usually as scattered individuals. It is a tall-growing tree, having a 
clear length of 20 to 26 meters (65 to 85 feet). It reaches a diameter of 120 centimeters 
(47 inches.) The average diameter of Guijo trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) in 
diameter upon the Hagachac type is 66.4 centimeters (26.26 inches) and ontheNarra 
type 61.99 centimeters (24.4 inches). The tree has small or medium-sized buttresses, 
though many have no more than a large root swell. In favorable places reproduction 
is good. The wood of Guijo is moderately heavy and hard, strong, brittle, fairly 
durable, and usually free from defects. It is a good general-construction timber. 

Amuguis (Koordersiodendron pinnatum). — In almost all of the moist flats and hill- 
sides Amuguis grows as scattered trees throughout the forest. 

Although not so tall growing as Lauan, Guijo, or Hagachac, it usually reaches above 
most of the surrounding trees, having a clear length of from 12 to 15 meters (39 to 49 
feet). The bole is evenly tapered and nearly round in cross section. The average 
diameter on the Narra type for trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) is 64.03 centi- 
meters (25.2 inches) and on the Hagachac type 58.2 centimeters (25.16 inches). 

While not so tolerant as many of its associates, it nevertheless will grow and repro- 
duce in partially shaded places. Reproduction is usually good. Broken branches are 
not uncommon, and hollows in the trunks of larger trees are frequently found. Amuguis 
is a structural wood of medium quality that is fairly strong, brittle, moderately heavy, 
and hard. It is used in ordinary construction and in cabinetwork. When used for 
rails on the logging tramway it gave excellent satisfaction, proving to be the best of 
any timber tried. 

Apitong (Dipterocarp^is sp.). — This tree is found only in the lower half of the Nai-ra 
type. Apitong has a tall, regular bole (PI. XIV) and reaches a height of 30 meters (98 
feet), with an average diameter for trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) of 67.8 centi- 
meters (26.69 inches.) The tree is quite tolerant when young, and in favorable places 
has a good reproduction. It is known locally as Apitong, by which name it is sold upon 
the market. It very closely resembles the true Apitong (D. grandijlorvs) and appar- 
ently is as good for construction purposes. 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 699 

Sacat, Calumpil, and Makujabi {Terminalia spp.). — The tree species Sacat {Termi- 
nalia nitens), Calumpit ( T. edulis), and Malagabi ( T. pelludda) are too widely scattered 
to be of any great importance commercially, although they are found over almost all 
])arts of the tract. They are tall growing and usually of large diameter. The average 
diameter of Terminalia trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) upon the Narra type was 
66.44 centimeters (26.15 inches). Reproduction is not plentiful and the trees are 
evidently quite intolerant of shade. 

Dao (bracontomelum mangifervm). — Widely distributed over the whole tract, Dao 
is the predominant tree in some of the poorer grades of forest and a common one in 
nearly all. It reaches a height of from 12 to 20 meters (39 to 65 feet) to the lowest 
)>ranches and a diameter of as much as 150 centimeters (59 inches). The average diam- 
eter of trees over 40 centimeters (16 inches) on the Hagachac type is 75 centimeters (30 
inches); in the Narra forest, 77.94 centimeters (30.68 inches). It has the largest 
buttresses of any common tree in the forest. Reproduction is not plentiful, for the 
tree is intolerant. Although never used, the wood appears to be of good quality. 
This is the most promising tree which has not been commonly used for lumber purposes. 

Malagiiibinjo ( Celtis sp.). — A commonly distributed tree, having an average diameter 
on the Hagachac type for trees over 40 centimeters ( 16 inches) of 55. 23 centimeters (21.74 
inches) and reaching a height of 10 meters (33 feet), this tree may possibly prove to be 
of value, although it has never yet been used. 

Agupanga ( Chisocheton sp.). — This tree is one of the most widely scattered of any, 
and seeds and reproduces rapidly. Comparatively low growing, with a spreading top, 
it nevertheless is quite tolerant of shade. It seldom reaches a large size and probably 
will never make a valuable commercial wood. 

INJURIES TO WHICH THE FOREST IS LIABLE. 

Of all the injuries to which the forest is subjected, by far the largest part comes either 
directly or indirectly as the influence of man. Chief among these are caiiigins and 
grass-land fires. Forest fires, in the usual acceptance of the term, are unknown. 

Caiiigins. — As already mentioned under the description of the Calaanan type, it has 
long been the custom with the natives to enter the forest and to fell all of the trees upon 
a certain area at the commencement of the dry season. This area is burned over at the 
end of the dry season and planted to crops. Such a cleaning is called a "caiiigin. " 

In times past the damage done by these caiiigins has been very great. A consulta- 
tion of the map will sei've to illustrate this. The ("alaanan area has been formed in 
this way from what was probablj^ at one time good forest. The stand and yield tables 
show the same things. With the exception of the Narra type, which has largely- 
escaped because it is less accessible and lacks an equally good running water supply, 
the yield of timber has been greatly reduced by the numerous caiiigins made. The 
loss is much greater near to and upon the foothills of the mountains, where the prim- 
itive Mangyans have for a long time w-orked unrestricted. WTiile the damages has in 
recent years been largely checked, it still continues. 

Under present conditions the demand for caiiigins will probably continue, for they 
are regarded by the people as a necessary as well as a natural right. This deruand 
may be met by allowing caingins to be made upon the Calaanan, and, in exceptional 
cases, upon the Guipa type. A careful patrol of the tract during the first part of the 
dry season for the purposes of granting caiiigin permits and to punish those making 
unauthorized caiiigins will, it is believed, greatly lessen and eventually check this evil. 

Grass-land fires.— FracticsiWy all of the grass land upon the tract is burned over every 
spring and summer. In many places this effectually keeps out all the trees and in 
others does serious injury to the few that are present. In the river bottoms, which are 
annually flooded by the excessive rains, and upon the pastured grass land near the 
villages, fires are not so important, since this land will probably continue to remain 
grass land in any event, but, in other places unaffected by floods, fires have done a, 
great deal of damage. With the present force, and under the present conditions, it 
will be impracticable to entirely prevent these fires. 

Natural causes. — A few trees, especially those growing in the more open places, lose 
branches or tops from wind, but, as a rule, the damage done from this source is unim- 
portant. 

Insects and fungi are destructive mainly to felled timber, and often logs of the poorer 
kind that are left in the woods for any time are quite seriously attacked by insects or 
fungi, or by both. To avoid this damage, as well as to prevent the injury of the young 
growth which might spring up while they were left, these logs should be removed to 
some dry open place as soon after cutting as possible. 



700 



FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 



THE UTILIZATION OF THE FOREST. 
TIMBER. 

History of lumbering .—The license agreement of the Mindoro Lnmber and Logging 
Company is dated June 3, 1905. Table XXI, computed from data taken from the 
company's books, shows the amount of timber that has been marketed from that time 
to July'l, 1906. 

Table XXI. — Timber sold by the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Company during the 

year ended June 30, 1906. 



Name. 



Guijo 

Narra 

Lauan 

Apitong , 

Amuguis 

Candol-candol 

Palo Maria 

Pagsahiiigin.. 



In the log (round) . 


English 


Cubic 


cubic feet. 


meters. 


20,284.04 


574.35 


8, 648. 07 


244.89 


5,822.66 


164.88 


2,612.65 


73.97 1 


1,279.79 


36.24 


651. 37 


18.45 1 


429.48 


12.16 1 


176. 70 


5 



Name. 



Pahutan . . . 

Pili 

Malugay. . . 

Ipil 

Others 

Total 



In the log (round) . 



English Cubic 
cubic feet, meters. 



189. 19 
44.59 
52.54 
40.20 

328.68 



40,560.56 



5.36 
1.26 
1.49 
1.14 
9.31 



1,148.50 



Timber sawn on tract by company^s sawmill. 

Feet B. M. 

Lauan 24, 219 

Amuguis 10, 535 

Apitong 5, 611 

Guijo 5, 503 

Narra 2, 112 

Total 47,980 

In addition to this, a small amount of timber is still at the mill which, with the 
amount that has been used for construction purposes on the tract, is approximately 
equal to the quantity of sawn timber sold. 

Previous to July 3, 1905, a number of individuals or companies have from time to 
time held this tract, or portions of it, together with some adjacent forest. In no case 
did these concessions coincide with the present one, hence it is impossible to state 
the exact amount removed from it. It is believed, however, that only a small amount 
of timber had been cut from the forest south of the Boiigabon River. North of the 
Boiigabon River a larger number of logs have been taken from the scattered timber 
lands near the Tidiangan and Sucol rivers. It is stated by the natives that in former 
times a great many logs had been sold from the barrio of Paclasan from territory now 
occupied by Calaanan and grass. 

Present lumbering operations. — A very primitive method of logging, similar to that 
employed by native lumbermen, has been used by the present company. The trees 
are felled and chopped by Filipino laborers into lengths 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) 
long. For this work American axes are used, although occasionally saws are substi- 
tuted. The logs are then loaded upon rude sleds similar to the logging "dray" of the 
United States, and dragged by a team of from six to eight carabaos to the mill or to 
some point along the tramway which leads to the beach. The rough trails over which 
this hauling was done are made by merely cutting away the underbrush. These roads 
are passable, except at the lowest places, at almost any season of the year. At the 
tramway the logs are loaded upon small cars drawn by one or two carabaos and hauled 
one at a time to the beach. 

The cost of such operations as this can only be given approximately. Ordinary 
wages and costs are about as follows: 

Manager per month . . P150. 00 

Head foreman do.... 40.00to 60.00 

Gang foreman per day. . 1. 00 

Choppers do 75 to 1. 00 

Others laborers do 50 to .75 

Carabao, with driver do 1. 50 to 1. 75 

Carabao, value each. . 100. 00 to 150. 00 

1^2=11 United States currency. 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 



701 



Two men can fell and cut into logs from two to fom- medium-sized trees per day, or 
from 300 to 500 English cubic feet. A team of six to eight carabaos, with a driver for 
each animal, will haul from three to six logs per day for an average distance of half a 
mile. Two carabaos and their drivers will haul about four logs per day on the tram 
car from the mill to the beach, a distance of Ij miles. 

Working upon this rude basis, the cost of cutting and delivering at the beach by the 
present method will vary from T0.07 to F0.13 per English cubic foot, depending 
greatly upon the length of haul, management, and kind of timber cut. Counting an 
English cubic foot equivalent to 7.2 feet B. M.," this would be a cost of from F9.75 to 
1*^18 per 1,000 board feet. Contracts are sometimes made to cut and deliver logs to the 
beach when the average distance is one-half mile at the rate of T2 per average log of 40 
or 50 cubic feet, the contractor being supplied with carabaos by the owner. This would 
mean about P6 per M feet B. M. in addition to the rental of the carabaos. In other 
cases, the contractor supplies his own carabaos and received from F0.08 to PO.IO per 
English cubic foot, or aliout F12 per M feet B. M. for logs delivered on tlie beach. 

The present cost of logging could be greatly reduced by more careful organization 
and by providing cheaper methods of transporting the logs from the forest to the beach, 
which is by far the largest single item of expense. To do this it is suggested that iron 
rails be used upon the tramway, instead of wooden ones. This would permit the haul- 
ing of several logs instead of one at a time, would avoid breakage of rails and cars, and 
would greatly reduce the draft, thus permitting more trips per day. It is also suggested 
that wide-tired, two-wheeled logging carts be tried instead of the logging sled. These 
have a lighter draft, and, where tried in other parts of the islands, have given excellent 
satisfaction. A steam logging and skidding outfit, including two donkey engines and 

2 miles of cable, could be used upon the tract and would greatly reduce the cost of 
logging. 

A portable sawmill, having a capacity of about 10,000 feet B. M. per day, has been 
placed upon the tract. Owing to difficulties incident to the installation of this mill, 
it has not yet been operated sufficiently to allow any estimate of the cost of running. 

In addition to the regular logging operations, the present company has cut a number 
of table tops from the large flat "buttresses of Narra trees. These can be removed with 
saws and axes and can be secured up to 6 feet in diameter. Usually the buttresses 
vary from 4 to 12 inches in thickness, and may be hew^ed to an even thickness of about 

3 inches. One of these tops, which measured 6 feet in diameter and 3 inches in thick- 
ness, was removed under the direction of the field party at a cost of a little less than 
than ?18. In this case, the men were hired for this work alone. With a regular 
organized force, the cost should be reduced about one-half. 

Markets and transportation. — Practically all of the logs and lumber is sent to Manila 
by means of steamers or sailboats. The cost of shipment from the tract to Manila (dis- 
tance 200 miles) varies from fPO.18 to F0.25 per English cubic foot, which would be, 
counting an English cubic foot equal to 7.2 feet B. M., T25 to F34.72 per M feet B. M. 
The cost of transportation is slightly less upon sailing vessels than upon steamers. 
The logs are floated to the ships, which, on account of the shallow water, are required 
to anchor nearly one-quarter of a mile from shore. The regular charge for this is F0.50 
per log, which amounts to about PO.Ol per English cubic foot, or F1.39 per M feet B. M. 
Weather conditions are an important factor to be considered in connection with trans- 
portation. Sometimes storms delay loading, hinder transit, or affect the shipper very 
seriously in a number of ways. 

The following are the average prices now paid in Manila for logs and for sawn timber: 



Name. 



Yellow Narra 

Hagachac 

Lauan 

Amuguis 

Guijo 

Apitong 

Sacat 



Per English 

cubic foot in 

the log. 



Per Spanish 

cubic foot in 

the log. 



Per M feet 

B. M., sawn 

timber. 



P0.92-P-l.05 

.46- .48 

. 39- . 46 

.52- .98 

.65- .85 

.46- .48 

. 52- . 98 



TO. 70-ro. 

.35- .37 

.30- 

.40- 

.50- 

.35 

.40- 



.35. 
.75 
.65 
.37 
.75 



P225-F275 

90- 115 

70- 90 

110- 150 

98- 140 

90- 115 

100- 150 




?5.00 
1.00 
1.00 
2.00 
3.00 
2.00 
2.00 



oMeasurements made by the Gibson's Saw and Planing Mills Company upon a few 
Narra logs that were sawn with a band saw showed the following facts: Forty-three 
logs, containing 41.81 cubic meters (1,476.58 English cubic feet), yielded 15,199 feet 
B. M. of lumber not edged. Allowing for a waste in edging of 20 per cent, this would 
be a yield of 290.81 feet B. M. per cubic meter, or 8.24 feet B. M. per cubic foot. The 
above factor of 7.2 feet B. M. per cubic foot is therefore conservative. 



702 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 

Financial results and prospects. — Summarized, the cost, exclusive of taxes or stump- 
age charges of logging and delivery in Manila, should not exceed the following: 

Per English cubic foot. 

Cutting and delivering on the beach ?0. 07 to PO. 13 

Loading upon shipboard 01 to .01 

Shipping to Manila 18 to «. 25 

Wages of officials, breakage, etc . 02 to .02 

Total 28 to .41 

This cost, as with the calculations throughout, is estimated regardless of the groups 
to which the logs belong. As a matter of fact, it costs slightly more to remove Narra 
than other kinds of timber, for the trees are lower growing and the logs harder to handle 
on account of their angular shape. With the other kinds of timber there is but little 
difference in the cost of handling. 

Taking into account the stumpage charges, the cost of delivery, and the selling prices, 
it will be seen that there is an excellent profit to be made upon the higher-group tim- 
bers, and a fair one upon all, even with the primitive methods in use. With improved 
methods and equipment, the cost should be so reduced that an assured profit could 
be made upon all timber taken from the forest. 

MINOR PRODtrCTS. 

Firewood.— Almost all the trees which compose the thick mangrove swamps of the 
coast make an excellent firewood. Firewood is commonly cut into two general sizes. 
The small sizes, called "leiias," are less than 2 feet in length and 3 inches in thickness. 
The other size, known as "rajas," are about 5 feet in length and not over 6 inches in 
thickness. It costs from T'd to F9 to gather 1,000 rajas, while the Manila price varies 
from P20 to F50. The market prices and cost of gathering leiias is correspondingly 
less. The forest tax on rajas is Fl 'per 1,000 feet and on leiias PO.IO per cubic 
meter. As yet but little firewood has been cut from this tract, although the supply 
is very large. 

Ta7i barks and dye barks. — The bark of a number of the mangrove-swamp trees is valu- 
able both for tanning and dyeing. As previously stated, the general terms of Bacauan 
(Bacao) and Tarigal are applied to many species of the Rhizophoracex . Another species, 
Tabigue, produces a good quality of dye bark and is very common. Tan bark and 
dye bark are generally sold in bundles composed of pieces 3 feet long and 3 or 4 inches 
wide, weighing 1 picul (139.4 English pounds). The Manila price is about ?2 per 
picul, while the local selling price is about P0.75 per picul. 

Bejucos. — Large quantities of bejuco, or rattan, are found in the forest. These vary 
considerably in value, the smaller ones being usually the best. These are usually cut 
into lengths 6 meters long and tied into bundles of from 50 to 100 pieces each. One 
man with a bolo can cut and prepare in one day about 6 bundles of 50 pieces each. 

Other minor products. — The leaves of the Nipa palm are very commonly used locally 
for roofing and thatching, but as yet little has been marketed. 

The young leaves of the Buri palm are gathered just before they open, spread out in 
the sun, and allowed to wilt for about two days. They are then made into rolls, each 
about 1 foot in diameter and 2 inches thick, and used for making baskets, hats, mats, 
etc. The market for this product is as yet but little developed. The local selling 
price is P^2.50 for 100 rolls. 

The sap of the Pili and PagsahiiTgin is gathered after slashing the trees with a bolo and 
leaving the resin until it hardens. It is then made into torches of convenient size by 
wrapping in Anahao leaves. These are commonly used by the natives for lights, and 
sold locally for P0.02 each. The resin of Pili has the market name of Manila Elemi, 
and is a commercial product from some portions of the islands. 

A number of vines, classed under the general name of Gogo, are gathered in pieces 
about 1 meter long, and sold locally for P3.50 per 100 pieces. These are pounded into 
a pulp and used as a soap for washing the hair. The principal species which produces 
this product is Entada scandens Benth. 

A number of vines under the general name of Diliman are gathered and used in tying 
fish traps and other similar articles. The fruit of the Bongan gubat palm (a wild betel 
nut) is chewed by the natives very generally. The heart of the Yroc palm is commonly 
used for food, and has a taste very much like fresh cabbage. A flour called " Yuro" is 
also made from this palm. The leaves of the Yroc palm make excellent brooms, and 
are much used locally. Many other less important minor products are secured by the 
natives, and are locally of value. 

o These figures, obtained from shippers, are thought to be high. 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 



703 



AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES. 



The soil over the larger part of the tract is well adapted to agricultural purposes. 
Table XXII contains a summary of the analyses of twenty-three soil samples taken 
from twelve widely separated places on the flat portion of the tract. 

Table XXII. — Chemical analysis of soil. (^ 



Sample. 


Number 
of sam- 
ples 
taken. 


Loss 
on ig- 
nition. 


CaO. 


P2O. 


N. 


K2O. 


NajO. 


Fine 

earth 

through 

40 mesh. 


Surface to 20 centimeters (8 


9 
9 
5 


S.08 
3.79 
3.73 


0.50 
.48 
1.01 


0.10 
.06 
.03 


0.2.5 
.06 
.03 


0.53 
.33 
.26 


0.16 
.25 
.21 


94.9 


Subsoil from 20 to 120 centime- 


95.9 


Subsoil below 120 centimeters 


91.1 







a By L. A. Salinger, chemist, bureau of science, Manila, P. I. 

While too much reliance should not be placed upon any chemical analysis of soils as 
an indication of their fertility, it is to be noted that the amount of nitrogen (N), phos- 
phoric acid (PoO), and potash (KjO) found here is sufficient, under ordinary conditions, 
to supply the needs of plant growth, and compares favorably with analyses from other 
places. The vegetation, both cultivated and wild, is everywhere rank and dense, 
indicating that a sufficient quantity of this plant food is in an available form. 

With few minor exceptions, the soil over the whole tract resembles quite closely that 
of the samples taken. Usually, the surface soil is from 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 
inches) in depth and contains a considerable amount of humus. A clay or sandy clay 
subsoil reaches to a depth of from 75 to 200 centimeters (28 to 78 inches). Below this no 
investigations were made. 

Of equal importance is the question of rainfall and drainage. As already stated, the 
rainfall in this place is well distributed throughout the year. At no time during the 
dry season, while field work for this report was being done, was the soil dry, except at 
the surface in exposed situations or in pure sand or gravel. There is in most places a 
sufficient quantity of sand mixed with the clay to allow for drainage. 

Probably the most suitable crop is Manila hemp or abaca. Considerable quantities 
of this have already been planted. In the foothills cacao is raised by the Mangyanes 
with success. Cocoanuts, rice, sugar cane, tobacco, com, and various vegetables are 
the other principal crops. 



Part II. 
FUTURE MANAGEMENT. 

B.\SIS OF PROPOSALS 



RELATION BETWEEN OWNER AND LICENSEE. 

The public forest on this tract is owned l)y the Philippine government and is in the 
charge of the bureau of forestry. It is held by the Mindoro Lumber and Logging Com- 
pany under a twenty-year license agreement. This agreement grants them the exclu- 
sive right to cut, collect, and remove timber, firewood, and bejuco on the condition 
that they make use of their license privilege, pay the regular government charges 
on the products taken, and follow the bureau of forestry rules and regulations for gath- 
ering them. 

It is important to the licensee, as well as to the bureau of forestry, that provision 
be made for a future yield from the tract. 

SUMMARY OF STAND AND YIELD. 

A review of Tables VI, VII, VIII, and IX shows that the heaviest stands are upon 
the Narra tract, with that upon the Hagachac type next. Of the timber trees, Lauan 
stands first, 46 per cent of the total yield; Hagachac second, 17 per cent; Guijo third, 
13 per cent; Amuguis fourth, 11 per cent; Narra and Apitong, 'about 4^ per cent each^ 
and Terminalia sp. less than 4 per cent. 

33581—07 7 



704 



FORESTEY BULLETIN NO. 6. 



It is thus noted that while the cheaper timlier predominates, the total quantity of 
Guijo, Amuguis, and Narra constitute 28 per cent of the whole. 

Altogether, the total yield of timber trees over 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter 
from the 11,339 acres estimated, is 95,856,175 feet B. AL If the sawmill were run at its 
full capacity of 10,000 feet B. M. jDer day, this amount, which includes only the seven 
species now being cut, is sufficient to last thirty-two years of 300 working days each. 
In addition to these kinds, there are a great many large trees of other species, some of 
accepted commercial value, which would no doubt be utilized by any permanently 
located lumber company. By the time the present stand is removed the poles and 
trees under 50 centimeters (20 inches) would in all probability supply a second crop. 

METHOD OF TREATMENT. 
OBJECT TO BE ATTAINED. 

The object in view for the commercial forest area is (1) to regulate the cutting of 
timber in such a manner that the mature trees, together with such others as is con- 
sistent with goo.d management, may be removed from the forest as soon as possible; and 
(2) to retain in the forest the young stock, and, if necessary, seed trees, and to assist 
natural reproduction so that future crops can be provided for. 

The object in view for the noncommercial forest is (1) to supply the demand for 
agricultural lands, either as caiiigins or in some other form; and (2) to convert as much 
as possible of the Guipa type into commercial forests. 

METHOD OF TREATMENT ADOPTED. 

Owing to the lack of definite knowledge of the age of trees and of their habits 
of growth, and to the conditions under which this plan must be put into operation, 
the selection system of felling is the one which will be used for the commercial 
forest. The fellings should be so regulated as to remove all old and overmature 
trees, to protect the young growth, and to aid in every possible way natural regeneration. 

EXPLOITABLE SIZE. 

Since there are a large number of mature and overmature trees in the commercial 
forest which should be cut as soon as possible, the exploitable size of the trees has been 
fixed at 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter. Trees below that diameter should only 
be cut when marked by the forester in charge, and then only when the mature trees 
have been removed or when an especially heavy stand will admit of thinning. 

Table XXIII, compiled from the stand tables previously given, shows the number 
of trees over 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter, compared with the number 
from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter. 

Table XXIII. — Suvivxary of stand of principal trees per acre. 



Species. 



Narra 

Lauan 

Guijo 

Hagachac. 
Amuguis. . 
Apitong.. . 
Malagabi . . 

Sacat 

Calumpit. . 

Total 



Narra type. 



Diameter. 



10-50 centi- 
meters 
(4-20 
inches) . 



1.153 
8.537 
3.035 
.411 
1.994 
2.008 

.497 



Over 50 cen- 
timeters 
(20 inches). 



1.803 
4.698 
1.190 

.126 
1.619 

.836 

.436 



2.956 
13.235 
4.225 
.537 
3.613 
2.844 

.933 



28.343 



Hagachac type. 



Diameter. 



10-50 centi- 
meters 
(4-20 
inches) . 



0.087 
4.719 
1.725 
6.159 
1.726 
.143 

.546 



Over 50 cen- 
timeters 
(20 inches) . 



0.201 
3.538 
1.064 
3.106 
1.122 
.057 

.230 



9.318 



Total. 



0.288 
8.257 
2.789 
9.265 
2.848 
.200 

.776 



24.423 



Cutting areas. — Cutting areas should conform as nearly as possible to the wishes of 
the licensee. When, however, cuttings shall have been started from any one base and 
over an area approved by the forester in charge, it shall not be carried on outside of 
that area without the consent of the forester in charge or of the Director of Forestry. 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 705 

For the present, logging operations should be continued from the present base until the 
north end of the Narra and adjacent parts of the Hagachac types shall have been cut over. 
Operations should then be started from the Dungay River as a base and a tramway 
extended back tlu-ough the south end of the Narra type and the narrow strip of Haga- 
chac adjoining it. The work upon this being completed, the remainder of the Narra 
and of the Hagachac I forests should be logged. Next, the tract designated on the 
map as Hagachac II should be cut, and, last of all, the mixed forest. In every case 
cutting on one part should be finished before it is commenced on the next. Thus a 
very primitive rotation is established, and, by the time the last area is cut over, the 
large poles and younger trees left upon the first part worked should be ready for a 
second crop. 

Cutting rules.— (l) Felling of trees shall ])e permitted only over such areas as are 
approved by the forester in charge or by the Director of Forestry. In assigning 
cutting areas the forester shall follow as nearly as possible the plan suggested in the 
paragraph headed "Cutting areas." 

(2) No Narra trees shall be felled except those marked by the district forester. 

(3) No timber trees shall be felled which are less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) 
in diameter at breast height or, in cases of trees having buttresses at the lowest place, 
above the buttress swell, unless marked by the district forester. 

(4) In cutting marked timber the marks upon the stumps shall not be destroyed or 
effaced . 

(5) Trees shall not be cut higher above ground than the diameter of the tree, except 
in cases of trees having buttresses, which may be cut above the highest buttress. 

(6) Buttresses shall not be cut for table tops or for any other purpose from any 
living tree. 

(7) All merchantable timber shall be removed from the forest within two months 
from time of felling and placed upon some suitable skidway or landing. 

(8) The licensee shall be held responsible for the destruction of, or serious injury 
to, young timber trees by careless felling and for all merchantable timber left in 
the woods. 

(9) No Narra, Lauan, Amuguis, Guijo, Hagachac, Apitong, or other trees of equal 
value shall be used for the construction of roads or skidways. 

(10) Minor species may be cut and used for the construction of roads, skidways, 
etc., without charge. 

(11) None of these special rules shall be construed to excuse the licensee from the 
regular bureau of forestry rules and regulations or from the terms of the license agree- 
ment. 

SUPPLEMENTARY RECOMMENDATIONS. 

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 

All timber trees marked by the district forester shall be stamped in at least two 
places with the regulation marking hatchet in addition to such other distinctive 
marks as he may see fit to use. These marks shall be placed below where the tree is 
to be cut in felling. 

If a reasonable advantage is not taken of the privilege to gather firewood and bejuco 
by June 30, 1907, the exclusive right to remove these products should be taken from 
the company and licenses to gather said products granted to such other party or parties 
as may apply for them. 

PROTECTION. 

Since the proper protection of the forest depends so much upon the attitude of the 
local inhabitants, every legitimate effort should be made by the forebt officers to gain 
their confidence and cooperation. 

A forest officer should go over the entire tract at the beginning of the dry season and 
see that all persons desiring caingin permits be granted them if they can not be per- 
suaded to make homestead applications. The local inhabitants look upon the making 
of caiiigins as a natural right. Hence, it is deemed preferable to attempt to regulate 
caingins than to forbid them entirely. Every effort should be made to encourage the 
taking of homesteads and the occupying of permanent farms. Inspection should be 
made during the caingin season to locate and punish all persons violating the caiiTgin 
law. 

At present it will be impracticable to prevent the annual fires which bum over the 
grass lands, although forest officers should make every effort to gain the cooperation 
of the local inhabitants in preventing damage from this source. 



706 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 



As additional information is gained from time to time, the plan of management 
should be revised whenever such a revision will add to its effectiveness. A careful 
examination should be made of the tract south of the Baroc River and west of the 
small Uasig River some time within the next five years. 

ADMINISTRATION. 

The chief of the forest district in which the tract lies shall have charge of the admin- 
istration of this working plan. He shall be assisted by such other forest officers who 
are under his direction as he shall assign to this work. 

The district chief, or a subordinate, shall make trips of inspection to the tract when- 
ever it is necessary to mark timber or to perform other duties. In addition to these 
periodic inspections, a forest ranger shall be placed upon the tract for such time as may 
be necessary during the caiiTgin season to grant caiiTgin permits, to prevent illegal 
caiiTgins, and to perform such other duties as may arise regarding the regulation of 
cairigins, as well as to report upon any special subject which the district forester may 
direct. 

In cases of violation of the forest act or rules and regulations of the bureau, either 
by the licensee or by any other persons or persons, the forester in charge shall take the 
matter up with the offending parties in the manner authorized by law for such cases. 
He shall then report the facts to the Director of Forestry. The forester in charge shall 
render a special report of work done upon the tract at the end of each fiscal year. 

SUMMARY. 

(1) Practically all of the commercial forest on the tract examined lies south of the 
Boiigaljon River. 

(2) Narra is confined to a belt of forest varying from one-half to 2 miles in width 
immediately back of the tidal swamp. 

(3) The timber on the foothills at the back part of the tract has been greatly dimin- 
ished in value and in some places almost entirely destroyed by Mangyan clearings. 

(4) The flat land of the tract is, for the most part, suited for agricultural purposes and 
will no doubt be eventually so iised. 

(5) The land south of the Bongabon River, which contains commercial or Guipa 
types of forest, should be made to produce a second crop. The land north of the Bonga- 
bon River will probably not be reforested, except a part of the Guipa type, but will 
be used for agricultural purposes. 

(6) Caiiigin permits should be granted only iipon the Calaanan land, after a personal 
inspection by a forest officer. 

(7) The greatest source of expense in present lumbering operations is transportation. 
This could be reduced by providing a more permanent tramway, by installing a donkey 
engine and cable, or by using big-wheeled logging carts. 



Appendix. 



LIST OP PLANTS. 



The first of the following tables is a list of tree species found on the tract that reach 
the size of 30 centimeters or over in -diameter. The second list comprises all other 
species mentioned in the text, and includes some trees that are below 30 centimeters 
in diameter when mature. The first list of 88 tree species is fairly complete. In 
the second list no attempt has been made to enumerate all species under this size 
found in the forest. Compared with the Dipterocarp forest of northern Negros,« the 
floristic composition of this forest is very complex. 

The scientific nomenclature used in this paper is based on collections made by the 
authors and deposited in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science. They wish to 
thank Elmer D. Merrill for assistance in the determinations. 



a See Everett, H. D., and Whitford, H. N.: A Preliminary Working Plan for the 
Public Forest Tract of the Insular Lumber Company, Negros Occidental, P. I., Bur. 
For. Bull. No. 5, 1906. 



MINDORO LUMBER AND LOGGING CO. 707 

Tree species 30 centimeters and over iii diameter when mature. 



Scientific name. 



Family. 



Local name. 



Commercial name. 



Actinodaphne philippinensis Merr. 

Alangium ineyeri Merr 

Alstonia macrophy Ihi Wall 

Artocarpus coinm^inis Forst 

Avicennia officinalis L 

Barringtonia luzonensis Vid 

Barringtonia racemosa Bl 

Barringtonia reticulata Miq 

Barringtonia speciosa Forst 

Bischofla trifoliata Hook 

Buchanania nitida Engl 

Canangium odoratum Baill 

Canarium luzonicum A. Gray 

Canarium perkinsae Merr 

Canarium radllvoferi Perk 

Canarium villosum Bl 

Calophyllum inophyllum L 



Carallia integerrima DC 

Casuarina equisetifolia Forst 

Celtis sp 

Champereia cumingiana Merr 

Chisochiton tetrapetalus Harms. 

Chisocheton sp 

Cryptocarya acuminata Merr 

Dehaasia triandra Merr 

Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe 

Diospyros pilosanthera Bl 

Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perk.. 

Dipterocarpus sp 

Dracontomelum mangiferuni Bl. 

Dracontomelum sp 

Elaeocarpus olilongus Gaertn. . . 

Endiandra coriacea Merr 

Erythrina indica Lam 

Eugenia bordenii Merr 

Eugenia sp 

Euphoria cinerea Radlk 

Fagara integrifolia Merr 

Ficus taarnesii Merr 

Ficus nota Merr 

Ficus minahassae Miq 

Ficus variegata Merr 



Ficus sp 

Gonystylus bancanus Gilg 

Grewia stylocarpa Warb 

Heritiera littoralis Dry 

Horsfleldia ardisifolia Warb 

Horsfleldia merrillii Warb 

Intsia acuminata Merr 

Kayea paniculata Merr 

Koordersiodendron pinnatum Merr. 

Lauraceaj indet 

Litsea perrottetii F. Vill 

Litsea sp 

Macaranga bicolor Muell 

Macaranga tanarius Muell 

Mallotus barnesii Merr 

Mangifera altissima Blanco 

My ristica philippinensis Lam 

Neolitsea vidalii Merr 

Octomeles sumatrana Miq 

Palaquium luzoniense Vid 

Parkia roxhurghii G. Don 

Pisonia umbellata Seem 

Pithecolnbium lobatum Benth 

Pterocarpus indicus Willd 

Pterosperumu nivenm Vid 

Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr 

Pygeum latifolium Miq 

Radermachera banaibana Seem 

Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq 

Shorea contorta Vidal 

Shorea guiso Bl 

Sonneratia pagatpat Blco 

Sterculia blancoi Rolfe 

Sterculia foetida L 

Sterculia philippinensis Merr 

Stylocoryne macrophylla Bartl 

Terminalia catappa L 

Terminalia edulis Bl 



Lauraceae 

Cornaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Mx)race8B 

Verbenaceae 

Lecvthidacese 

do 

do 

do 

Euphorbiaceae... 
Anacardiaceae . . . 

Anonaceae 

Burseraceae 

do 

do 

do 

Guttiferae 



Bacan. 



Rhizophoracae.. 
Casuarinacese. . . 

Ulmaceae 

Opiliacese 

Meliaceae 

do 

Lauraceae 

do 

Dilleniacea" 

Ebenaceae 

Diptocarpaceac . 

do 

Anacardiaceae . . 

do 

Elaeocarpaceac. . 

Lauraceae . .. 

Leguminosse . . . 

Myrtaceae 

do 

Sapindaceae 

Rutaceae 

Moracese 

do 

do 

do 



....do 

Gonystylacese... 

Tiliacese 

Sterculiaceae ..... 

Myristacese 

....do 

Leguminosse 

Guttifereae 

Anacardiaceae . . . 

Lauraceae 

....do 

....do 

Euphorbiaceae... 

....do 

....do 

Anacardiaceae. . . 

Myristicaceae 

Lauraceae 

DatisacesG 

Sapotaceae 

Leguminosse 

Nyctaginacesc . . . 

Leguminosae 

do 

Sterculiacae 

do 

Rosacese 

Bignoniacea; 

Rubiaceae 

Dlpterocarpaceae 

do 

Sonneratiacese. . . 

Sterculiaceae 

do 

do 

Rubiacese 

Combreteceae 

do 



Antipolo. 
Apiapi. .. 

Putat 

....do... 
....do... 
Botong.. 
Toog.... 



Alangilang. 
Pili 



Palsahifigin . 
Palomaria.. 



Bacauan gubat. 

Agoho 

Malaguibuyo . . . 



Agupanga 

Malabacauan. . 

Baslayan 

Catmon 

Bolongeta 

Hagachac 

Apitong 

Dao 

Malugay 



Palusat saling. 
Dapdap 



Alupay 

Salav 

Tibig 

do 

Hagaimit 

Tangisang 
bayauac. 

Balete 

Talimadon , 



Dungon-late. 

Duguan 

do 

Tindalo 



Amuguis 

Punghan 

Bacan 

Busisingcahoy. 

Tabong 

Binunga 



Pahutan 

Duguan 

Lanotanputi. 

Binuang 

Nato 

Cupang 

Anuling 

Bansilac 

Narra 

Bayog 

Taloto 



Banaibanai. 

Bancal 

Lauan 



Guijo 

Pagatpat 

Candol-candol . 

Calumpang 

Banilad 

Basa 

Talisay 

Calumpit 



Batino. 
Antipolo. 



Ylang ylang. 
Pili. 



Pagsahiiigiu. 
Palomaria de la 
playa. 

.\goho. 



Catmon. 

Bolongeta. 

Apitong. 

Do. 
Dao. 
Malugay. 



.\lupay. 



Dungon-late. 

Tindalo. 
Amuguis. 



Cupang. 

Anagap. 
Yellow Narra. 

Taloto. 



Bancal. 

Lauan. 

Guijo. 

Pagatpat. 

Candol-candol. 



Talisay. 
Calumpit. 



708 FORESTRY BULLETIN NO. 6. 

Tree specks SO centimeters and over in diameter when mature — Continued. 



Scientific name. 


Family. 


Local name. 


Commercial name. 




Combreteccse 

.do.. 


Malaruhat 

Malagabi 




Terminalia pellucida Presl 






Meliaceaj 

Euphorbiacese. . 






Trewia ambigua Merr. .. 














Xylocarpus obovatus Juss 


.do 


do ... 





















Other species mentioned in the text. 



Scientific name. 


Family. 1 Local name. 

i 


Commercial name.. 


Acanthus ilieifolius L. . . 


Acanthacese 

Polypodiaceae 

Palmse 


Doloarin 




Achrostichura aureum L 


Lagolo 




Areca whitfordii Becc 


Bongan gubat 

Yroc 




Arenga saccharifera Labill 


do 






Rhizophoracese... 
do 






B. caryophylliodes Bl 


Liray 




B. eriopetala W. and A . . 


.. ..do 


Pototan Busian. . 
Jangalai 






do 


Hangaraj.. 


Callicarpa blancoi Rolfe 


Verbenaceae 






do 






Callicarpa formosona Rolfe 


do 






Caryotasp. 


Palmse 


Pugahan 






Rhizophoracese... 
.do 


Tangal 


Tangal. 


Ceriops roxliurghiana Am 


do 










Corypha umbraculifera L . 


Palmae ... 


Buri 






Cycadacese 

Euphorbiacese 

Leguminosse 


Bitogo 






Butong manoc . .. 
Gogo 




Entada scandens Benth 


Gogo. 




Hauili 




Ficus banesii Merr . 


.do 


Tibig 




Ficus mindorensis Merr. 








Heterospathe elata Schefl . 


Palmae . 


Sagasi 








Balabago 




Imperate exaltata Brongn 


Graminese 

Urticacese 

Pa Imse 


Cogon 












Anahao 


Pahna bravi- 


Macaranga hisnida Muell . . 


Euphorbiacese 

do 


Hamindan 

Tula-tula 








Mallotus moluccanus Muell 


.do 


Alom 




do 






Mallotus ricinoides Muell.. . 


.do 






Mussaenda grandiflora Rolfe 


Rubiaceae 






Nipa fruticans Wurmb 


Palmae . 


Nipa 


Nipa. 




Pandanaceae 

Anonacese 

Graminese 

Palmse 






Lanotan 




Phragmites sp. . . 


Tagpo 






Sarauag 






Rhizophoraceae. . . 
.do 




Bacauan. 




.do 


Do. 




Gramineae 

Rubiaceae 


Talahib 




Scypftiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn 


Nilad 








Voacanga cumingii Rolfe 


Apocynaceae . . 















BUREAU OF FORESTRY. 

(Circular No. 1.) 
OPPORTUNITIES FOR LUMBERING IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

Manila, P. I., December 1, 1906. 

OWNERSHIP OF FORESTS. 

The Philippine public forests cover an area of more than 40,000,000 acres. Less 
than half a million acres of forest are held by private owners. Under an act of Con- 
gress in 1902 the Philippine forests can not be sold, leased, or homesteaded unless the 
same are more valuable for agriculture than for forest purposes. 

LICENSES TO EXPLOIT THE PUBLIC FORESTS. 

Exclusive licenses may be gi-anted for terms up to twenty years. These give the 
holders sole right to exploit certain forest products. The extent of the territory thus 
granted depends upon the size of the plant to be installed. No charge is made for 
such a license, and only stumpage charges are imposed. These charges range from 
P°0.50 to P'2.50 per cubic meter, or approximately from $1 to $5 (United States cur- 
rency) per thousand feet B. M. Such an arrangement is preferable to buying the 
land, since no land taxes are incurred. There arc a number of desirable tracts of 
public forest of large extent now unexploited. 

TARIFF RATES. 

There are no export duties on timber or on the manufactured product. Logs im- 
ported into the United States are admitted free. The import duty at Manila on saw- 
mill and logging machinery is 5 per cent ad valorem. 

FREIGHT RATES TO MARKET. 

Freight rates from Manila to the Pacific coast amount to |7 (United States currency) 
per ton (logs), about 40 cubic feet, or $12 to $14 per thousand feet B. M. Freight 
rates from Manila to the Atlantic coast of the United States are $14 to $15 (United 
States currency) per thousand feet B. M., or $8 per ton of 40 cubic feet; light-weight 
material, $5 per 40 cubic feet. 

Distances to market. 



Distance from— 


Manila, 
P. I. 


Cebu, P. I. 


Iloilo, P. I. 


Hongkong, 
China. 


Shanghai, 
China. 


Sydney, 
Australia. 


Seattle, U. S. .\ 


Miles. 

6,400 

400 

200 


Miles. 


Miles. 


Miles. 
6,300 
800 
700 


Miles. 
6,200 
1,300 
1,200 


Miles. 
6,800 


Cadiz, Negros Occidental 


140 1 70 


3,370 
3,570 









CONSUMPTION OP LUMBER. 

Board feet. 
Amount of lumber used in the Philippine Islands per year, approxi- 
mately 100, 000, 000 

Amount of American pine used in China during the past year 85, 000, 000 

Amount of American pine used in Australia during the past year 6.3, 000. 000 

709 



710 FORESTRY CIRCULAR NO. 1. 

PHILIPPINE TIMBERS. 

In Bulletin No. 4 of the bureau of forestry thirty common Philippine timbers are 
discussed. In this bulletin extensive tests show the qualities of the timbers. There 
is also a brief description of the different woods. Common Philippine timber as good 
as American pine can be laid down at tide water for about the same price as pine on the 
Pacific coast. Difference in freight rates, low stumpage, and cheap labor should com- 
bine to make a low rate on the manufactured Philippine product in the Chinese and 
Australian markets and should gradually replace the American product. 

STAND OF TIMBER. 

In Bulletins Nos. 5 and 6 can be obtained the actual stand of timber on tracts in 
Negros and Mindoro. These show 10,000 to 32,000 board feet per acre. The lower 
slopes of Mount Silay in northern Negros are practically covered with merchantable 
timber. One block of this forest, 69 square miles in area, shows a stand of 32,050 
board feet per acre of merchantable timber over 20 inches in diameter. A large area 
of similar forest on Mount Silay adjoins this tract and awaits the lumberman. In the 
southwestern part of this province (Negros Occidental) is a large area of valuable forest 
which vfiW be close to the southern terminus of the new railway. 

There are a number of regions in these islands where dense forests of valuable timber 
are found which have never been exploited for the market. The Agusan Valley, in 
Mindanao, 4,000 square miles in area, is almost entirely covered with virgin forest and 
drained by large streams. The dense forests on the east coast of Mindanao are also 
unexploited. 

LABOR PROBLEM. 

Labor is not difficult to secure. The wages range from P0.50 to Fl. 50 ($0.25 to 
$0.75, United States currency) per day. Filipinos are apt at handling machines of all 
kinds and work satisfactorily when treated with consideration. Skilled American 
loggers and lumbermen, assisted by Filipino crews, should get out logs and manufac- 
tured material at prices not far from those quoted for pine on the Pacific coast, espe- 
cially in regions where we find 30,000 board feet of merchantable timber on each acre 
close to tide water, and where no special logging difficulties are encountered. 

LOGGING. 

Logging is carried on during the entire year in many provinces. In some places 
logging is suspended during the seasons of heaviest rains, a period of from two to four 
months. The logging methods are very crude. 

Many of the native woods will float, and, if handled by the expert raftsmen of the 
Pacific coast, could be rafted 200 to 600 miles tlirough the quiet inland seas to Manila, 
and possibly to China, which is about 660 miles from Manila. Not one of the lumber 
companies of the Pacific coast is actively interested in exploiting the Philippine forests. 

LUMBER DEALERS. 

The "leading lumber dealers in the Philippine Islands are: John Gibson, Insular 
Lumber Company, Cadwallader & Co., Philippine Lumber and Development Com- 
pany, Tuason & Sampedro, California-Manila Lumber and Commercial Company. 

The offices of these companies are in Manila. For discussion of sawmills see Bulletin 
No. 4. 

CAPITAL NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH LUMBERING OPERATIONS. 

The question is often asked, "What capital is necessary to carry on a successful lum- 
bering enterprise in the Philippines?" Such an enterprise should not be attempted 
unless the company intends to handle the product from start to finish, including trans- 
portation, lumber yards at the principal markets, supply stores for- use of employees in 
the forest, etc. This would probably involve the employment of not less than 
$200,000 (United States currency). A company contemplating logging operations 
should send a practical logger to look over the ground with an officer of the bureau of 
forestry. 



OPPOETUNITIES FOR LUMBERING. 



711 



SUMMARY OF LUMBERING POSSIBILITIES ON ONE TRACT OP PUBLIC FOREST IN NEGR08 

OCCIDENTAL. 

In Bulletin No. 5 of the bureau of forestry a description is given of the forests and 
lumbering operations near Cadiz, Negros Occidental. The summary of this bulletin 
is as follows: 

Area of tract, 69 square miles; area in forest, 37,668 acres. 

Stumpage charges on this tract are collected on manufactured lumber and average 
less than $1.20 (United States currency) per thousand feet B. M. 

Six tree species constitute about 90 per cent of the total stand of merchantable tim- 
ber on the entire tract. 

Amount and value of merchantable timber on tract over 20 inches in diameter. 



Species. 


Stump- 
age 
charge, 
M feet 
B.M. (ap- 
proxi- 
mate). 


Feet 

B. M. 

per 

acre. 


Total 
yield, 
M feet 
B. M. 


Manila 
price, 

Mfeet 
B. M. 


Value 
per 
acre. 


Total 
value. 




f 4 
2 

4 
2 

2 


5,140 
7,150 
4,640 
13,240 

1,880 


193,572 
269,269 
174, 742 
498,618 

70,801 


P90-P-115 
70- 90 
70- 90 
70- 90 

70- 90 


F460 
500 
325 
925 

130 


P 17, 421, 480 


Almon 


18, 848, 830 




12,231,940 


Mangachapuy (Red Lauan) 

Lauan-bagtican and Lauan-dun- 
log 


34,903,260 
4,956,070 






Total 




32,050 1.207.002 




2,340 


88,361,580 












M. 



P2 equals $1, United States currency. 
SUMMARY OF LUMBERING POSSIBILITIES ON ONE TRACT OF PUBLIC FOREST IN MINDORO. 

In Bulletin No. 6 of the bureau of forestry a description is given of the forest and 
lumbering possibilities of one tract on the east coast of Mindoro. The summary of 
this bulletin is as follows: 

Area of tract, approximately 85 square miles; area of tract surveyed, 55 square miles; 
area of part of commercial forest (measured), 11,339 acres (not including mangrove 
swamps) . 

Stumpage charges on this tract average less than |2 (United States currency) per 
thousand board feet. 

Seven merchantable tree species constitute about 50 per cent of the total stand on 
this tract. 

Amount and value of merchantable timber on 11,339 acres of forest (trees over 16 inches in 

diameter). 



Species. 



Stumpage 
charge per 

M feet 
B. M. (ap- 
proxi- 
mate) . 



Yield 
Mfeet 
B. M. 



Manila 
price. 



Total 

value at 

lower 

prices. 



Narra 

Hagachac. 

Lauan 

Amuguis. . 

Guijo 

Apitong. . 
Sacat 



Total. 



PIO 
2 
2 
4 
6 
4 
4 



4,534 
17,285 
46,464 
11, 378 
13, 973 
4,174 
3,429 



F225-P-275 

90- 115 

70- 
110- 

98- 

90- 
100- 



90 
150 
140 
115 
150 



101, 237 



PI, 020, 150 
1,555,650 
3,252,480 
1,251,580 
1, 368, 354 
375, 660 
342,900 



9, 166, 724 



Atotal yield of 101,237,000 feet B. M. on 11,339 acres, or about 9,000 feet B.M.peracre. 
P'810 per acre. 

AID FROM THE BUREAU OF FORESTRY. 



Lumber worth 



A study of Bulletins Nos. 5 and 6 of this bureau will indicate to the lumbermen what 
the bureau will do for them. Forest officers will use every effort to make such proposi- 
tions succeed financially. Upon request samples of wood may be obtained at the 
office of the bureau of forestry. 

George P. Ahern, Director of Forestry. 



cincuL^i^s 



CONTAINING THE 



LAWS AND INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING THE LEAS- 
ING OF PUBLIC LANDS AND HOMESTEADS. 



779 



BTJREATT OF PUBLIC lANDS. 

CIRCULAR CONTAINING THE LAWS AND INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING THE 
LEASING OF PUBLIC LANDS, ISSUED NOVEMBER 7, 1904. 

Department of the Interior, 

Bureau of Public Lands, 

Manila, P. I., October 11, 1904. 
The following compilation of laws and instructions relative to leasing the public lands 
are issued under authority of section sixty-nine of "the public land act," act No. 926, 
for the information of the public and the guidance of public officers engaged in the 
administration of the laws. 

LAWS. 
ACT or CONGRESS OF JULY 1, 1902. 

Sec. 13. That the Government of the Philippine Islands, subject to the provisions 
of this Act and except as herein provided, shall classify according to its agricultural 
character and productiveness, and shall immediately make rules and regulations for 
the lease, sale, or other disposition of the public lands other than timber or mineral 
lands, but such rules and regulations shall not go into effect or have the force of law 
until they have received the approval of the President, and when approved by the 
President they shall be submitted by him to Congress at the beginning of the next 
ensuing session thereof and unless disapproved or amended by Congress at said session 
they shall at the close of such period have the force and effect of law in the Philippine 
Islands: Provided, That a single homestead entry shall not exceed sixteen hectares in 
extent. 

Sec. 75. That no corporation shall be authorized to conduct the business of buying 
and selling real estate or be permitted to hold or own real estate except such as may be 
reasonably necessary to enable it to carry out the purposes for which it is created, and 
every corporation authorized to engage in agriculture shall by its charter be restricted 
to the ownership and control of not to exceed one thousand and twenty-four hectares 
of land; and it shall be unlawful for any member of a corporation engaged in agricul- 
ture or mining and for any corporation organized for any purpose except irrigation to 
be in any wise interested in any other corporation engaged in agriculture or in mining. 
Corporations, however, may loan funds upon real-estate security and purchase real 
estate when necessary for the collection of loans, but they shall dispose of real estate 
BO obtained within five years after receiving the title. Corporations not organized in 
the Philippine Islands, and doing business therein, shall be bound by the, provisions 
of this section so far as they are applicable. 

acts of the PHILIPPINE COMMISSION.) 
[Act No. 926.1 

Chapter III. — Leases of portions of the public domain.'^- 

Sec. 22. Any citizen of the United States, or of the Philippine Islands, or of any 
insular possession of the United States, or any corporation or association of persons 
organized under the laws of the Philippine Islands or of the United States or of any 
State, Territory, or insular possession thereof, authorized by the laws of its creation 
and by the laws of the Philippine Islands and the Acts of Congress applicable thereto 
to transact business in the Philippine Islands, may lease any tract of unoccupied, 
unreserved, nonmineral agricultural public lands, as defined by sections eighteen and 
twenty of the Act of Congress approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, provid- 
ing a temporary government for the Philippine Islands, and so forth, not exceeding 
one thousand and twenty-four hectares, by proceeding as hereinafter in this chapter 
indicated: Provided, That no lease shall be permitted to interfere with any prior claim 
by settlement or occupation until the consent of the occupant or settler is first had and 
obtained, or until such claim shall be legally extinguished: And provided further, That 
no corporation or association of persons shall be permitted to lease lands hereunder 

781 



782 LEASING OF PUBLIC LANDS. 

which are not reasonably necessary to enable it to carry on the business for which it 
was lawfully created and which it may lawfully pursue in the Philippine Islands. 

Sec. 23. Leases made under the provisions of this chapter, of land previously 
surveyed, must be made of contiguous legal subdivisions. All lands leased hereunder, 
whether previously surveyed or not, in case the tract sought to be leased exceeds sixty- 
four hectares in area, must be taken, where possible, in the form of contiguous squares 
which shall contain at least sixty-four hectares each : Provided, That in connection with 
the lease of lands in one or more tracts of sixty-four hectares there may be leased one 
rectangular tract of thirty-two hectares, the longer side of which must be contiguous 
to the square tract of sixty-four hectares, or to one of such tracts if more than one be 
leased. In no case may lands leased under the provisions of this chapter be taken so 
as to gain a control of adjacent land, water, stream, shore line, way, roadstead, or other 
valuable right which in the opinion of the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands would 
be prejudicial to the interests of the public. 

Sec. 24. An application to lease land under this chapter must be executed under 
oath and filed with such officer as may be designated by law as local land officer of the 
district in which the land is situated, or in case there be no such officer then with the 
Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands, and must show the following facts: The citizen- 
ship and post-office address of the applicant; the location of the land, showing 
the province, municipality, and barrio in which the same is situated, and as accurate 
a description as may be given, showing the boundaries of the land, having reference 
to natural objects and permanent monuments, if any; a statement as to whetlier the 
land contains any improvements or evidences of settlement and cultivation, and a 
statement that it is nonmineral in character, more valuable for agricultural than for 
forestry purposes, and does not contain deposits of coal or salts. Corporations and asso- 
ciations shall be required to file evidence of their legal existence and authority to 
transact business in the Philippine Islands. 

Sec. 25. All applicants for leases under the terms of this chapter must give notice, 
by publication and by such other means as may be required by the Chief of the Bureau 
of Public Lands, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, of intent to make 
application to lease the tract in question, which notice shall state the date when the 
application will be presented and shall describe as definitely as practicable the land 
sought to be leased. 

Sec. 26. It shall be the duty of the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands to examine 
all applications for leases under this chapter, and to determine whether the applicant 
has the qualifications required in section twenty-two hereof, and, from the certificate 
of the Chief of the Bureau of Forestry, to determine whether the land applied for is 
more valuable for agricultural than forestry purposes, and further summarily to deter- 
mine from available records whether the land is nonmineral and does not contain 
deposits of coal or salts. He shall report his findings to the Secretary of the Interior, 
who, after proper consideration and approval of same, shall cause the lease to be 
executed. 

Sec. 27. The rate per hectare per annum for lands leased under this chapter shall 
be fixed by the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands, with the approval of the Secre- 
tary of the Interior, and shall in no case be less than fifty centavos, Philippine cur- 
rency, per hectare per annum; said rent shall be paid yearly in advance, the first 
payment being deposited with the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands before the 
delivery of the lease. 

Sec. 28. Leases hereunder shall run for a period of not more than twenty-five years, 
but may be renewed for a second period of twenty-five years, at a rate to be fixed as 
above indicated, which rate shall not be less than fifty centavos per hectare and shall 
not exceed one peso and fifty centavos, Philippine currency, per hectare. Land 
leased hereunder shall not be assigned or sublet without the consent of the Chief of the 
Bureau of PuGlic Lands and the Secretary of the Interior. 

Sec 29. No land shall be leased -under the provisions of this chapter until the land 
has been surveyed under the direction of the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands 
and an accurate plat made thereof, the cost of survey to be borne by the lessee. 

Sec 30. The lease of any lands under this chapter shall not confer the right to 
remove or dispose of any valuable timber except as provided in regulations of the 
Bureau of Forestry for cutting timber upon such lands. Nor shall such lease confer 
the right to remove or dispose of stone, oil, coal, salts, or other minerals, but the lease 
as to the part thereof which shall be mineral may be canceled by the Chief of the 
Bureau of Public Lands, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, whenever 
the mineral character of such part shall be made satisfactorily to appear, after due 
notice to the lessee. 

Sec 31. The commission of waste or the violation of the forestry regulations by the 
lessee shall work a forfeiture of his last payment of rent and render him liable to imme- 
diate dispossession and suit for damage. 



LAWS AND INSTRUCTIONS. 783 

The civil governor was advised by the chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, Wash- 
ington, D. C, by cabh'grani dated May 4, 1904, that Congress had adjourned wilhout 
amending or disapproving the public land act (act No. 920). On July 26, 1904, the 
civil governor issued his proclamation declaring tlie public land act to be in full force 
and effect from said date, as contemplated by section 13, Act of Congress of July 1, 
1902, above stated. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

LANDS SUBJECT TO LEASE. 

All unoccupied, unreserved, nonmineral public lands, more valuable for agricultural 
than forestry uses, are subject to lease. Public lands are such lands of the government 
as are subject to disposal under general laws. Mineral lands are such lands as are 
chiefly valuable for the minerals they contain. Whether lands upon which there is 
growing timber are more valuable for agricultural than for forestry uses will be deter- 
mined by the forestry bureau. (See sec. 18, act of Congress of July 1, 1902.) 

Owing to the sysfem of disposing of public lands which obtained under the Spanish 
Government in these islands, the present government has no maps showing the exact 
location of public lands; therefore, prospective lessees will be compelled to make 
inquiries as to the ownership of any particular tract desired of persons living in the 
vicinity thereof, and to consult the property register and record of tax returns, in the 
capital of the province in which the land is located, for evidence of ownership. 

No lease will be permitted to interfere with any prior claim by settlement or occupa- 
tion until the consent of the occupant or settler is first had and obtained, or until such 
claims shall be legally extinguished. 

The provisions of the public land act relating to leasing public lands do not extend, 
at the present time, to the provinces of Lepanto-Bontoc, Benguet, Paragua, Nueva 
Vizcaya, and the Moro Province, but may at any time, by resolution of the Philippine 
Commission, be extended to said provinces. 

PERSONS WHO MAY LEASE PUBLIC LANDS. 

(1) Citizens of the Philippine Islands; (2) citizens of the United States; (3) citizens 
of any insular possession of the United States; (4) any corporation or other association 
of persons organized under the laws of the Philippine Islands or of the United States, 
or of any State, Territory, or insular possession thereof, authorized by the laws of its 
creation and by the laws of the Philippine Islands and the acts of Congress applicable 
thereto to transact business in the Philippine Islands. In this connection see section 
75, act of Congress of July 1, 1902, supra, as to rights of corporations. 

AMOUNT THAT MAY BE LEASED. 

A qualified person may lease any amount not exceeding 1,024 hectares, equivalent 
to about 2,530 acres. 

PERIOD OF LEASE. 

Leases shall run for a period of not more than twenty-five years, but may be renewed 
for a second period of twenty-five years. 

RENT. 

Lessees will be required to pay an annual rent in advance, the amount of which will 
be fixed by the chief of the bureau of public lands, with the approval of the Secretary 
of the Interior, but it can in no case be less than 50 centavos, Philippine currency, per 
hectare, and during the second period can not exceed PI. 50 per hectare. The first 
payment of rent is due on the date of the execution of the lease, and must be paid before 
the lease is delivered. 

FORM IM WHICH LEASED LANDS MUST BE TAKEN. 

Leased lands, in all cases where possible, must be taken in tracts compact in form as 
provided in section 23 of the public land act. Tracts to be contiguous must have one 
boundary in common. The purpose of this provision is to prevent the taking of land 
in long or irregular strips whereby adjoining public lands would be decreased in value. 

PROCEDURE IN MATTER OF OBTAINING LEASE. 

Prospective lessees are required to file an application for the land desired with the 
chief of the bureau of public lands. This application must show that the applicant is 
qualified to lea^e public lands; must describe the land desired to be leased, with res- 
pect to both its location and character, as definitely as practicable, and must be 
executed under oath. A proper form to be used in making application will be 
furnished on request by the bureau of public lands. 



784 LEASING OF PUBLIC LANDS. 

Applicants must give notice of intention to apply for a lease by publication for thirty 
days in two newspapers, one English and one Spanish. Said newspapers shall be of 
general circulation in the locality where the land is located. When the notice is pub- 
lished in a weekly newspaper, five consecutive insertions are necessary; when in a 
daily newspaper, the notice must appear in each issue for thirty-one consecutive issues. 
Said notice shall state the date when said application will be made, and shall describe 
as definitely as possible the land to be applied for; an approved form may be found at 
the close of this circular. Applicant must file a copy of the notice at the sirne date at 
which he begins the publication of same with the provincial secretary and municipal 
president of the province and municipality in which the land is located. In case the 
land is located within the city of Manila, said notice must be filed with the secretary 
of the municipal board. 

Applicant must submit to the chief of the bureau of public lands with his applica- 
tion a copy of said notice, and must show by affidavit of the manager of the newspaper 
in which same was published that it was published for the required period. 

The application will be examined in the bureau of public lands, and if found correct 
will be referred to the forestry bureau for report as to whether the land is more valuable 
for agricultural than for forestry purposes. 

Upon return of the application to the bureau of public lands from the forestry bureau, 
with a report that the land is more valuable for agricultural than forestry uses, the chief 
of the bureau of public lands will, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, 
fix the rate per hectare at which the government will lease the land. He will then 
advise the applicant of the rate fixed, also of the probable cost of surveying the tract. 

Upon deposit by applicant in the bureau of public lands of the amount of the esti- 
mated cost of survey the chief of said bureau will advise applicant of the date when 
he will cause the survey to be made, and will also send a copy of said notice to the 
secretary of the province and one to the president of the municipality in which the 
land is located, requesting said officials to post said notices in a conspicuous place in 
their respective offices. 

Upon completion of the survey, in caso there are no adverse claims to the land, a 
lease will be executed therefor as early ai) practicable. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

A lessee of public lands has no right to remove timber except as authorized by the 
forestry bureau. 

No minerals may be removed from public lands under a lease. In case it is made to 
appear that leased lands contain valuable mineral deposits, the chief of the bureau of 
public lands, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, is authorized to cancel 
the lease as to such lands. 

Attention is invited to the fact that section 77 of the public land act prescribes a 
penalty for the presentation of false proof or affidavits in connection with applications 
or claims respecting public lands. 

All necessary forms to be used in connection with the leasing of public lands may be 
had on application to the bureau of public lands. 

Will M. Tipton, 
Chief Bureau of Public Lands. I 
Approved, November 7, 1904. 
Dean C. Worcester, 

Secretary of the Interior. 

Notice of Application to Lease Public Lands. 

The undersigned hereby gives notice that he will on the 

day of -• , 19 . . , file with the chief of 

the bureau of public lands. Manila, P. I., an application for a leas3 to the following- 
described public land, beginning 

[Here give description as definitely as possible.] 



located in the barrio of , municipality 

of , province of , 

and containing hectares, more or less. 

Signature of applicant 

Post-office address 



BUREAU OF PUBLIC LANDS. 

CIRCULAR CONTAINING THE LAW RELATING TO HOMESTEADS AND INSTRUC- 
TIONS THEREUNDER, ISSUED NOVEMBER 7, 1904. 

Department of the Interior, 

Bureau of Public Lands, 
Manila, P. J., October 12, 1904. 
The following compilation of laws and instructions thereunder relative to the 
acquiring of public lands as a homestead, is issued under authority of section 69 of 
the public land act, act No. 926, United States Philippine Commission, for the infor- 
mation of the public and the guidance of public ofticials engaged in the administration 
of the laws. 



ACT OF CONGRESS OF JULY 1, 1902. 

Sec. 13. That the Government of the Philippine Islands, subject to the provisions 
of this Act and except as herein provided, shall classify according to its agricultural 
character and productiveness, and shall immediately make rules and regulations for 
the lease, sale, or other disposition of the public lands other than timber or mineral 
lands, but such rules and regulations shall not go into effect or have the force of law 
until they have received the approval of the President, and when approved by the 
President they shall be submitted by him to Congress at the beginning of the next 
ensuing session thereof and unless disapproved or amended by Congress at said session 
they shall at the close of such period have the force and effect of law in the Philippine 
Islands: Provided, That a single homestead entry shall not exceed sixteen hectares in 
extent. 

ACTS OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. 

[Act No. 923.] 
Chapter I. 

HOMESTEADS ON THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 

Section 1. Any citizen of the Philippine Islands, or of the United States, or of 
any insular possession thereof, over the age of twenty-one years or the head of a family, 
may, as hereinafter provided, enter a homestead of not exceeding sixteen hectaras of 
unoccupied, unreserved, unappropriated agricultural public land in the Philippine 
Islands, as defined by the Act of Congress of July first, nineteen hundred and two, 
entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil 
government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," which shall be taken, 
if on surveyed lands, by legal subdivisions, but if on unsurveyed lands, shall be located 
in a body which shall be as nearly as practicable rectangular in shape and not more 
than eight hundred meters in length; but no person who is the owner of more than 
sixteen hectares of land in said Islands or who has had the benefits of any gratuitous 
allotment of sixteen hectares of land since the acquisition of the Islands by the United 
States shall be entitled to the benefits of this chapter. 

Sec. 2. Any person applying to enter land under the provisions of this chapter 
shall file with such officer as may be designated by law as local land officer, or in case 
there be no such officer then with the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands, an appli- 
cation under oath showing that he has the qualifications required under section one 
of this chapter, and that he possesses none of the disqualifications there mentioned; 
that such application is made for his exclusive use and benefit; that the same is made 
for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not, either directly or indi- 
rectly, for the use or benefit of any other person, persons, corporation, or association 
of persons; that the land ajjplied for is nonmineral, does not contain valuable deposits 
of coal or salts, is more valuable for agricultural than forestry purposes, and is not 
occupied by any other person; and showing the location 6f the land by stating the 

3.3581—07 8 785 



786 HOMESTEADS. 

province, municipality, and barrio in which the same is situated, and as accurate 
a description as may be given, showing the boundaries of the land, having reference 
to natural objects and permanent monuments, if any. Upon the filing of said appli- 
cation the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands shall summarily determine, by inquiry 
of the Chief of the Bureau of Forestry and from the available land records, whether 
the land described is prima facie subject under the law to homestead settlement, 
and, if he shall find nothing to the contrary, the applicant, upon the payment of 
ten pesos, Philippine currency, shall be permitted to enter the quantity of land 
specified. 

Sec. .3. No certificate shall be given or patent issued for the land applied for until 
the expiration of five years from the date of the iiling of the application; and if, at 
the expiration of such time or at any time within three years thereafter, the person 
filing such application shall prove by two credible witnesses that he has resided upon 
and cultivated the land for the term of five years immediately succeeding the time 
of filing the application aforesaid, and shall make affidavit that no part of said land 
has been alienated or encumbered, and that he has borne true allegiance to the Govern- 
ment of the United States and that of the Philippine Islands, then, upon payment of 
a fee of ten pesos, Philippine currency, to such officer as may be designated by law 
as local land officer, or in case there be no such officer then to the Chief of the Bureau 
of Public Lands, he shall be entitled to a patent: Provided, however, That in the event 
of the death of an applicant prior to the issuance of a patent, his widow shall be entitled 
to have a patent for the land applied for issue to her upon showing that she has con- 
summated the requirements of law for homesteading the lands as above set out; and 
in case the applicant dies before the issuance of the patent and does not leave a widow, 
then the interest of the applicant in the land shall descend and patent shall issue to 
the persons who under the laws of the Philippine Islands would have taken had the 
title been perfected by patent before the death of the applicant, upon proof by the 
persons thus entitled of compliance with said requirements and conditions. 

Sec. 4. ^o lands acquired under the provisions of this chapter shall in any event 
become liable to the satisfaction of any debt contracted prior to the issuance of a patent 
therefor. 

Sec. 5. If, at any time after the filing of the application as hereinabove provided 
and before the expiration of the period allowed by law for the making of final proof, 
it is proved to the satisfaction of the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands, after due 
notice to the homesteader, that the land entered is not under the law subject to home- 
stead entry, or that the homesteader has actually changed his residence, voluntarily 
abandoned the land for more than six months at any one time during the five years 
of residence herein required, or has otherwise failed to comply with the requirements 
of law, then in tliat event the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands may cancel the 
entry, subject to appeal under proper regulations to the Secretary of the Interior, and 
the land thereupon shall become subject to disposition as other public lands of like 
character. 

Sec 6. Not more than one homestead entry shall be allowed any one person. 

Sec. 7. Before final proof shall be submitted by any person claiming to have com- 
plied with the provisions of this chapter, due notice, as prescribed by the Chief of 
the Bureau of Public Lands with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, shall 
be given to the public of his intention to make such proof, stating therein the time 
and place, and giving a description of the land and the names of the witnesses by 
whom it is expected that the necessary facts will be established. 

Sec. 8. Any person may file an affidavit of contest against any homestead entry, 
charging that the land entered was not unoccupied, unreserved, or unappropriated 
agricultural land at the time of filing the application, alleging disqualification of the 
entryman, noncompliance with law as to residence or cultivation, or any other matter 
which, if proven, would be just cause for the cancellation of the entry, and upon suc- 
cessful termination of the contest, the contestant, if a qualified entryman, shall be 
allowed a preference right of entry for sixty days from said date. 

The Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands or any public oflicial becoming aware of 
the existence of any of the grounds above stated, for impeaching or canceling the 
entry, may file formal complaint against the entry on any such ground which, if 
proven, shall cause the cancellation of the entry. 

Sec 9. No patent shall issue under the provisions of this chapter until the land has 
been surveyed under the direction of the Chief of the Bureau of Public Lands and an 
accurate plat made thereof, the cost of which survey shall be borne by the Insular 
Government. 

The civil governor was advised by the chief of the bureau of insular affairs, Wash- 
ington, D. C, by cablegram dated May 4, 1904, that Congress had adjourned without 
amending or disapproving the public land act (act. No. 926). On July 26, 1904, the 



LAWS AND INSTEUCTIONS. 787 

civil governor issued his proclamation declaring the public land act to be in full force 
and effect from that date, as contemplated by section 13, act of Congress of .July 1, 
1902, above mentioned. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

1. Location of public lands. — Owing to the system of disposing of public lands which 
obtained under the Spanish Government in these islands the present government has 
no maps showing the exact location of such lands; therefore, prospective homestead 
entrymen will be compelled to make inquiries, as to the ownership of any particular 
tract desired, of persons living in the vicinity thereof, and to consult the property reg- 
ister and record of tax returns, in the capital of the province in which the land is located 
for evidence of ownership. 

2. Land subject to entry. — Only unreserved, unoccupied agricultural public land is 
subject to homestead entry. Land chiefly valuable for the mineral it contains must be 
purchased under the law relating to mineral land. Whether a particular tract is more 
valuable for forestry than agricultural purposes will be determined by the forestry 
bureau on request by the bureau of public lands. 

The provisions of the public land act relating to homesteads do not extend at the 
present time to the provinces of Lepanto-Bontoc, Benguet, Paragua, Neuva Vizcaya, 
and the More Province, but may at any time, by resolution of the Philippine Commis- 
sion, be extended to said provinces. 

3. Persons entitled to a homestead. — The following designated persons are entitled to 
make a homestead entry: 

(a) Citizens of tlie Philippine Islands. 

(6) Citizens of tiie United States, or of any insular posession of the United States. 

To be entitled to make an entry a person must be 21 years of age, or else the head of a 
family. Any person, male or female, who is the head of a family, and otherwise 
qualified, may enter a homestead, even though such person be less than 21 years of age. 

A person who is the owner of more than 16 hectares of land, or has received from the 
government a gratuitous grant of 16 hectares, under Chapter IV of the public land act, 
is not entitled to make a homestead entry. 

4. Area of homestead and shape of tract. — A homestead can not exceed 16 hectares in 
area, but any amount less than that may be entered. 

Whenever land is sought to be acquired as a homestead which has been surveyed by 
the government under some plan for subdividing the public lands, such land must be 
taken by legal subdivisions. In case an entry is made on unsurveyed land, the tract 
entered must be in a single body, as nearly as practicable rectangular in shape, and not 
more than 800 meters in length. 

5. Procedure in making entry. — An approved form on which to make an application for 
a homestead entry may be obtained by addressing the bureau of public lands, Manila, 
P. I. In executing the application care should be taken by the applicant to fill up all 
the blank spaces in the form. The best possible description as to the location and 
boundaries of the tract, without making a survey, should be given, and the corners of 
the tract should be carefully marked on the ground by using stones or stakes. The 
application should be filed with the chief of the bureau of public lands, Manila, P. I. 

6. Residence and cultivation. — The applicant must continuously reside upon and 
cultivate the land for a period of five years from the date of the filing of his application. 
Failure to reside on the land for a period of six months will constitute an abandonment 
of the entry and subject it to cancellation. 

7. Contests and adverse claims. — Any person, whether qualified to make a homestead 
entry or not, if he knows of any reason why an application should not be approved, or 
of any reason why an entry in which the application has been approved should be can- 
celed, may initiate a contest against the applicant or entryman by filing an affidavit 
with the chief of the bureau of public lands, wherein is set out the reasons why the 
application should be denied or the entry canceled. Upon the termination of a 
contest, if the application has been disapproved or the entry canceled, the person 
initiating the contest, if he is qualified under the law to enter a homestead has a pref- 
erence right of entry as to the land for sixty days from the date of the final decision on 
the contest. 

8. Procedure to obtain patent. — At any time within three years after the es piration 
of the five years mentioned in paragraph 6, the applicant may submit proof sliowing 
that he has complied with the law in the matter of residence on the land and cultiva- 
tion of same. An approved form on which to make this proof will be furnished by the 
bureau of public lands. In case the proof is satisfactory a patent will issue. 

9. Heirs of homestead settler. — If the applicant is a married man, and should die 
after entry and before patent, his surviving widow, by complying with the require- 
ments of the homestead law as to residence and cultivation,. may submit proof of this 



788 HOMESTEADS. 

fact and obtain the patent in her name. If the applicant be not married, and should 
die after entry and before patent, such of his heirs as by law could inherit real estate 
from him, by complying with the above-mentioned requirements of the homestead 
law, may submit final proof and obtain the patent. 

10. Surveys. — No homestead will be patented until the land has been surveyed 
and platted. The survey will be made as soon after the final proofs have been ap- 
proved as it is possible for the surveyors to take up the work. This survey will be at 
the cost of the government. 

11. Fees. — A fee of FIO is required to be paid to the officer with whom the applica- 
tion is filed at the date of fding the same. At the time of submitting final proof (see 
par. 8) the entryman must pay PIO, as final fee, to the officer with whom the final 
proof is filed. These are the only fees that the government requires to be paid under 
the homestead law. 

12. Miscellaneous. — Attention is invited to the fact that section 77 of the public 
land act prescribes a penalty for the presentation of false proof or affidavits in connec- 
tion with applications or claims respecting public lands. 

No land acquired as a homestead may be sold, by judgment of a court or otherwise, 
to satisfy any debt which may have been contracted by the applicant or patentee 
prior to the date of the patent therefor. (Sec. 4, act No. 926.) 

Necessary forms to be used in obtaining a homestead may be had by addressing the 
bureau of public lands. 

Will M. Tipton, 
Chief Bureau of Public Lands, 
Approved, November 7, 1904: 

Dean C. Worckster, Seaetary of the Interior. 



r 

LB D '09 





LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




003 148 245 8 



